“For African Americans, intrusive [police] stops were associated with lower legitimacy, while procedurally just stops were associated with greater police legitimacy. & “Higher legitimacy is related to lower levels of criminal behavior."
“Clearance rates are significantly lower in counties that contain greater proportions of Black residents… Controlling both crime conditions and criminal justice contexts explains virtually none of the relationship between county Black population and case clearance."
“Even though there was no racial disparity in the change in recovery rates, the increase in stops of nonwhites implies that the burden of this policy shift occurred primarily for blacks and Hispanics in impact-zone areas” where the NYPD increased “stop and frisk” policing.
“While the trends in the total-number of capital-eligible homicides show slight differences for Black and White victim events, the clearance rates are dramatically different. … White victim homicides are more likely to be cleared by arrest."
“When higher short-run revenue is necessary, officers shift their limited resources of time to increased targeting of white drivers. … police focus … on people of color in the absence of fiscal distress, despite lower hitrates among these motorists than white drivers."
“We present the first causal evidence suggesting that [broken-windows policing], which emphasizes extensive police contact at low levels of suspicious behavior, can lower the educational performance of African American boys, with implications for … racial inequality."
“The black-on-white homicide rate is a significant predictor of officer-involved killings whereas black-on-black homicides and measures for political and economic threat are unrelated to police killings… consistent with a body of … evidence of police discrimination."
“The longstanding practice of deferring to the reasonableness of police officers’ expertise fails to effectively protect persons of color by allowing racial bias to influence an officer’s use of deadly force.” & “… [R]acial stereotypes [can] distort assessments of threat”
“Persons of African and Hispanic descent were stopped more frequently than whites, even after controlling for precinct variability and race-specific estimates of crime participation."
“Perceptions of racial profiling threaten to erode the legitimacy of the criminal, discouraging citizens from participation in the everyday interactions with police that contribute to crime control and public safety. “
More police contact associated with higher levels of anxiety, trauma, and PTSD. “The burden of police contact in each of these cities falls predominantly on young black and Latino males."
“The targeting of [marijuana] enforcement efforts toward blacks and Hispanics is dramatically out of proportion to national statistics that suggest comparable usage rates across racial groups."
“The dramatic increase in stop activity in recent years is concentrated predominantly in minority neighborhoods … based on the neighborhoods in which they live rather than the crime problems in those areas."