“It can be tempting to equate racial disparities in policing with racist police officers and make the common mistake of singling out the ‘few bad apples’ … Rather than a problem that only a few police officers face … race affects the judgments and decisions we all make."
“Indeed, we found that when Whites were exposed to a ‘Blacker’ prison population, they became significantly more fearful of crime, which, in turn, increased their support of punitive crime policies."
“We observe racial disparities in officer respect even in police utterances from the initial 5% of an interaction, suggesting that officers speak differently to community members of different races even before the driver has had the opportunity to say much at all."