“Operation Impact…quickly increased the number of police officers in specific high-crime areas designated as ‘impact zones’” Found significant negative impact of these policies on standardized test scores of black youth in affected areas.
“We present the first causal evidence suggesting that [broken-windows policing], which emphasizes extensive police contact at low levels of suspicious behavior, can lower the educational performance of African American boys, with implications for … racial inequality."
“The black-on-white homicide rate is a significant predictor of officer-involved killings whereas black-on-black homicides and measures for political and economic threat are unrelated to police killings… consistent with a body of … evidence of police discrimination."