“Across all crime benchmarks in all years, there is substantial evidence of anti-Black racial disparities in the killing of unarmed noncriminals by police. Here, we fail to recover the principle findings of Cesario et al. (2019)."
“Across almost all counties, individuals who were unarmed and shot by police had a much higher probability of being black or hispanic than being white… [Those] shot by police had a higher median probability of being unarmed black individuals than being armed white[s]."
A critique of Fryer: “If even a small subset of police have propensities to more frequently encounter black relative to white individuals, then analyses of pooled encounter-conditional data will fail to detect systemic anti-black racial disparities."