“Across all crime benchmarks in all years, there is substantial evidence of anti-Black racial disparities in the killing of unarmed noncriminals by police. Here, we fail to recover the principle findings of Cesario et al. (2019)."
A critique of Fryer: “If even a small subset of police have propensities to more frequently encounter black relative to white individuals, then analyses of pooled encounter-conditional data will fail to detect systemic anti-black racial disparities."