Studies

Research on racial bias in policing

“The Metropolitan Police stopped Black people at a rate of 593 per 100,000 population, compared with 72.9 per 100,000 population for White people. This means that in this data Black people were 8 times more likely to be searched."

“Individuals from a Black, Asian and minority ethnic background were stopped at a rate 4.1 times higher than those who were from a White ethnic group.” & “… with the rate around 9.5 times higher for those identifying as Black or Black British compared to those who identify as White."

“Stereotyping was an issue for BAME women in the police, but it was also combined with a high degree of mockery and undermining of their position of authority in an organized and calculated way."

“Due to their negative encounter, they have educated their children on how to engage with the police. This produces negative images in each of their children’s mind of law enforcement, indirectly teaching them not to trust the police. This is a broken cycle within the African American community. A cycle that will continue unless there is change within law enforcement. “

“Findings from the study support previous research that has suggested that Black males are highly susceptible to racial battle fatigue and often internalize their emotions, thus causing further psychological harm to their ability to cope with daily stressors and trust members of law enforcement."

“The results of this study (Table 2) show that, overall, race is a decisive factor that has an effect on a police officer’s decision to initiate a frisk procedure on the suspect.The analyses show that Black suspects were 1.68 times more likely to be frisked by the police."

“Results of the analytic models indicate support for the hypothesis that Black citizens are searched for discretionary reasons at higher rates than other groups. This relationship, however, is partially mediated by citizen criminal history."

“In 2003, black suspects were stopped at a rate … 5.4 times greater than whites. By 2010, those stop ratios had risen to … 9.3… In 2010, the NYPD recorded nearly three stops for every 10 black New York City residents."

“Race-and-place profiling of Blacks was a department-wide phenomenon rather than behaviour of few police officers. In other words, Toronto police had done a reasonable job of ensuring that those recruited to the police do not display an overt racial bias, but unintentional and intentional forms of prejudice and discrimination still exist in police stops and are responsive to place."