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“A spurious association showing no bias precisely because there is bias.” @uri_sohn further explains by way of example the Fryer methodological issue.

Teenagers in Bikinis: Interpreting Police-Shooting Data Teenagers in Bikinis: Interpreting Police-Shooting Data As others have noted, an interesting empirical challenge for interpreting the shares of Whites vs Blacks shot by police while being arrested is that biased officers, those overestimating the threat posted by a Black civilian, will arrest less dangerous Blacks on average. They will arrest those posing a real threat, but also some not posing a real threat, resulting in lower average threat among those arrested by biased officers. For example, a biased officer may be more likely to perceive a Black teenager in a bikini as a physical threat (YouTube) than a non-biased officer would, lowering the average threat of his arrestees. If teenagers in bikinis, in turn, are less likely to be shot by police than armed criminals are, racial bias will cause a smaller share of Black arrestees to be shot. A spurious association showing no bias precisely because there is bias. As others have noted, an interesting empirical challenge for interpreting the shares of Whites vs Blacks shot by police while being arrested is that biased officers, those overestimating the threat posted by a Black civilian, will arrest less dangerous Blacks on average. They will arrest those posing a real threat, but also some not posing a real threat, resulting in lower average threat among those arrested by biased officers. For example, a biased officer may be more likely to perceive a Black teenager in a bikini as a physical threat (YouTube) than a non-biased officer would, lowering the average threat of his arrestees. If teenagers in bikinis, in turn, are less likely to be shot by police than armed criminals are, racial bias will cause a smaller share of Black arrestees to be shot. A spurious association showing no bias precisely because there is bias.
Teenagers in Bikinis: Interpreting Police-Shooting Data
DataColada (blog)
Simonsohn, Uri
14 July 2016
http://datacolada.org/50
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