STUDIES:   

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“Many African Americans have ties to the police that would appear to be informal and friendly… living in an urban area with crime decreased the chances of knowing an officer. … [W]here the need for informal ties … is most pressing, they are least likely to exist."

Friend Not Foe? Reconsidering Race, the Police, and Community Relations Friend Not Foe? Reconsidering Race, the Police, and Community Relations
Friend Not Foe? Reconsidering Race, the Police, and Community Relations
Race and Justice
McManus, Hannah D. / Graham, Amanda / Cullen, Francis T. / Burton, Velmer S. / Jonson, Cheryl Lero
May 2019
10.1177/2153368719849486
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