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“Results revealed that black citizens were no more likely than white ones to display noncompliance, and the strength of their resistance did not vary across officer race. White officers used higher levels of force against black suspects (controlling for resistance)."

Race and the Police Use of Force Encounter in the United States

British Journal of Criminology

Paoline, Eugene A. / Gau, Jacinta M. / Terrill, William

Vol. 58 Issue 1, pp. 54–74, 2016

10.1093/bjc/azw089

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