STUDIES:   

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For urban teens “direct police contact (arrests and stops that do not result in arrest) are associated with reductions in GPA. Second, we find that experiencing vicarious police contact is also associated with reductions in GPA."

The Effect of Direct and Vicarious Police Contact on the Educational Achievement of Urban Teens The Effect of Direct and Vicarious Police Contact on the Educational Achievement of Urban Teens
The Effect of Direct and Vicarious Police Contact on the Educational Achievement of Urban Teens
Children and Youth Services Review
Gottlieb, Aaron / Wilson, Robert
Vol. 103, pp. 190–199, 2019
10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.06.009
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