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“Nonmoving stops are more discretionary and should be expected to be more prone to extralegal considerations on the part of officers. This expectation was generally supported as African American drivers were more likely to experience a nonmoving stop by local police."

Race, Driving, and Police Organization: Modeling Moving and Nonmoving Traffic Stops With Citizen Self-Reports of Driving Practices

Journal of Criminal Justice

Miller, Kirk

Vol. 37 Issue 6, pp. 564–575, 2009

10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2009.09.005

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