STUDIES:   

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“Police were more likely to use physical force against Black and Hispanic males not in custody compared to White non-custodial males, even after controlling for citizen resistance and other theoretically important factors."

The Masking of Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Police Use of Physical Force: The Effects of Gender and Custody Status The Masking of Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Police Use of Physical Force: The Effects of Gender and Custody Status
The Masking of Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Police Use of Physical Force: The Effects of Gender and Custody Status
Journal of Criminal Justice
Schuck, Amie M.
Vol. 32 Issue 6, pp. 557–564, 2004
10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.08.010
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