STUDIES:   

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“When cities rely more heavily on fines, fees, and forfeitures… racial disparity in searches increases… contraband hit-rates increase sharply for whites as a reliance on fees increases, but not for blacks."

Fines, Fees, Forfeitures, and Disparities: A Link Between Municipal Reliance on Fines and Racial Disparities in Policing Fines, Fees, Forfeitures, and Disparities: A Link Between Municipal Reliance on Fines and Racial Disparities in Policing Figure 5. Expected Values for the Black:White Search Rate Ratio Across a Range of Values for the Proportion of Revenue from Fines, Fees, and Forfeitures Figure 5. Expected Values for the Black:White Search Rate Ratio Across a Range of Values for the Proportion of Revenue from Fines, Fees, and Forfeitures
Fines, Fees, Forfeitures, and Disparities: A Link Between Municipal Reliance on Fines and Racial Disparities in Policing
Policy Studies Journal
Shoub, Kelsey / Christiani, Leah / Baumgartner, Frank R. / Epp, Derek A. / Roach, Kevin
in Press, 2020
10.1111/psj.12412
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