STUDIES:   

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“Officers are significantly more likely to form a non-behavioral suspicion when the suspect is Black… 4.4 times greater… Suspect race and method of transportation play an important role in the types of suspicion that police officers form."

Police Officers' Decision Making and Discretion: Forming Suspicion and Making a Stop Police Officers' Decision Making and Discretion: Forming Suspicion and Making a Stop
Police Officers' Decision Making and Discretion: Forming Suspicion and Making a Stop
research report submitted to the National Institute of Justice
Alpert, Geoffrey P. / Dunham, Roger G. / Stroshine, Meghan / Bennett, Katherine / MacDonald, John M.
(Award No. 2001-IJ-CX-0035), February 2006
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/213004.pdf
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