STUDIES:   

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“Findings for the Black population of Kingston during the study period are very clear: there are large racial disparities in stop rates and likelihood of being stopped regardless of other issues.” & “The results did not support the belief that police stops are about crime."

Racial Disparities in Police Stops in Kingston, Ontario: Democratic Racism and Canadian Racial Profiling in Theoretical Perspective Racial Disparities in Police Stops in Kingston, Ontario: Democratic Racism and Canadian Racial Profiling in Theoretical Perspective Stop rate per 1,0000 population, by Racial Group, in Kingston City Stop rate per 1,0000 population, by Racial Group, in Kingston City
Racial Disparities in Police Stops in Kingston, Ontario: Democratic Racism and Canadian Racial Profiling in Theoretical Perspective
Ph.D. Dissertation in Criminology, University of Toronto
Marshall, Lysandra
March 2017
https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/77464
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