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"[Black] officers in this study reported that they have often witnessed such racial profiling in their official capacities as law enforcers. Furthermore, many reported that they themselves have experienced biased policing when working undercover or while off duty."

Black Males’ Perceptions of and Experiences with the Police in Toronto Black Males’ Perceptions of and Experiences with the Police in Toronto
Black Males’ Perceptions of and Experiences with the Police in Toronto
Ph.D. Dissertation in Criminology, University of Toronto
Owusu-Bempah, Akwasi
November 2014
https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/68227
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