STUDIES:   

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“Analysis of traffic stop data across eight states concludes that about 30-40% of individual officers exhibit a relatively high propensity to stop black drivers, a figure that appears large compared to the ‘rotten apples’ hypothesis."

Officer Differences in Traffic Stops of Minority Drivers Officer Differences in Traffic Stops of Minority Drivers Search propensity by driver race and officer type Search propensity by driver race and officer type
Officer Differences in Traffic Stops of Minority Drivers
Labour Economics
Abrahams, Scott
Vol. 67, p. 101912, 2020
10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101912
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