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“Symbols of legitimacy or affluence are not sufficient to counter police suspicion [of middle class Black people], and some contexts may heighten it … Middle-class blacks stopped by the police ‘make a point of displaying middle-class status symbols in self-presentations.'"

Young Black Men and Urban Policing in the United States

British Journal of Criminology

Brunson, Rod K. / Miller, Jody

Vol. 46 Issue 4, pp. 613–640, 2006

10.1093/bjc/azi093

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