STUDIES:   

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Found no impact of minority police representation on citizen complaints but a strong effect of police unions: “Percentage [of complaints] sustained for agencies authorizing collective bargaining … was 7%, compared to 15% among those not authorizing collective bargaining."

Organizational, Administrative, and Environmental Correlates of Complaints About Police Use of Force Organizational, Administrative, and Environmental Correlates of Complaints About Police Use of Force Agencies that allow collective bargaining for sworn officers had lower percentages of complaints sustained. Agencies that allow collective bargaining for sworn officers had lower percentages of complaints sustained.
Organizational, Administrative, and Environmental Correlates of Complaints About Police Use of Force
Crime & Delinquency
Hickman, Matthew J. / Piquero, Alex R.
Vol. 55 Issue 1, pp. 3–27, 2009
10.1177/0011128708316977
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