STUDIES:   

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“As Blacks gain political momentum, they are better represented in police line ranks. Neither formal nor informal affirmative action policies had any effect.” & “As the representation of African Americans in manager and line positions approaches parity, there is a concomitant reduction in the disparity between Black and White drug arrest rates."

Diversity in Municipal Police Agencies: A National Examination of its Determinants and Effects Diversity in Municipal Police Agencies: A National Examination of its Determinants and Effects Table 6a. African American line representation model Table 6a. African American line representation model
Diversity in Municipal Police Agencies: A National Examination of its Determinants and Effects
Ph.D. Dissertation in Criminology and Justice Policy, Northeastern University
Gustafson, Joseph L.
August 2020
http://hdl.handle.net/2047/d20000825
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