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“Despite whether police officers’ racial attitudes, either explicit or implicit, are the primary cause, there is clear evidence of disparate policing outcomes for racial minorities. Just because the empirical literature may not prove whether these outcomes are primarily driven by officer level racial bias."

Policing and Race: Disparate Treatment, Perceptions, and Policy Responses

Social Issues and Policy Review

Kahn, Kimberly Barsamian / Martin, Karin D.

Vol. 10 Issue 1, pp. 82–121, 2016

10.1111/sipr.12019

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