STUDIES:   

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“Race-and-place profiling of Blacks was a department-wide phenomenon rather than behaviour of few police officers. In other words, Toronto police had done a reasonable job of ensuring that those recruited to the police do not display an overt racial bias, but unintentional and intentional forms of prejudice and discrimination still exist in police stops and are responsive to place."

Racially biased policing and neighborhood characteristics: A Case Study in Toronto, Canada Racially biased policing and neighborhood characteristics: A Case Study in Toronto, Canada At the city level, although only 8.4% of Toronto’s population was Blacks, they made up 26.0 % of the people who were stopped because the police suspected them of committing drug-related crimes. In addition, 24.0% of the drug-related arrests were made on Blacks. When it comes to Whites, they made up 53.1% of Toronto’s population, but they only accounted for 58.9% of the drug-related stops and 56.7% of the drug-related arrests. At the city level, although only 8.4% of Toronto’s population was Blacks, they made up 26.0 % of the people who were stopped because the police suspected them of committing drug-related crimes. In addition, 24.0% of the drug-related arrests were made on Blacks. When it comes to Whites, they made up 53.1% of Toronto’s population, but they only accounted for 58.9% of the drug-related stops and 56.7% of the drug-related arrests.
Racially Biased Policing and Neighborhood Characteristics: A Case Study in Toronto, Canada
Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography
Meng, Yunliang
Article 665, 2014
10.4000/cybergeo.26165