“Blacks/Latinos were significantly more likely to have been arrested and incarcerated [but] There were no significant differences in a circumscribed set illegal behaviors (i.e., sex for money or drugs, selling drugs) by race."
Philadelphia police “may be using a lower bar for reasonable suspicion in their decisions to frisk Black residents… The proportion Black in an area was significantly associated with heightened odds of a person being subjected to an unproductive frisk."
Repeated unjustified encounters with police “correlates with dimmer views of law enforcement and [may lead to] … police avoidance, or help-seeking behavior in the context of criminal victimization."
“Incarceration rates may reach a certain tipping point, which…actually contribute to the social conditions that lead to, rather than control, crime… Enforcement-heavy, arrest-driven policing will continue to reinforce the community’s belief in police illegitimacy."
“Both Black and Latino suspects received higher levels of police force earlier in interactions… When Black and Latino suspects resisted, they received significantly more force than when White suspects resisted."