“When one is confronted with the stark racial disparities in arrest… the cognitively simplest reaction is simply to ascribe to different groups different propensities for criminality… This misattribution… therefore need not inspire us to corrective action."
“White women and other race women are no more likely to receive a citation versus a warning compared to white men, but black women, Hispanic women, and other race men are all significantly more likely to receive a citations versus a warning compared to white men."
“Race disproportionality is not a ‘constant’, or a ‘given’, or something made inevitable by the conduct or circumstances of ethnic minority people, but something that can be reduced by police action without prejudice to policing or crime reduction."
“The rate of Black stops and searches in England per 1,000 stands at a staggering 128.8, with 16.9 for Whites and 39.7 for Asians… Blacks were stopped 150,000 times in England alone, 28,000 times in Wales and 104,000 times in London."
“SU [gang special unit] officers showed significantly more bias [in simulated shooting tasks] than patrol officers. In fact, SU officers showed levels of bias [in decision to shoot] that were comparable to untrained community members."
“While the officers acknowledged [joking] existed and that it was racial, officers perceived the joking as harmless and merely as part of the occupation; as a part of the typical policing experience.” & “The joking is contextualized as common, harmless, and explicable."
“Frequent reports and visualization of incidents of police violence directed toward black, Latino, and Native American communities may also have negative health consequences… Each police killing of an unarmed black male American worsened mental health among blacks."
“Federal… investigations concluded that the use of excessive lethal force was prevalent in some police departments along with patterns of civil rights violations… In 2017, these investigations of police departments were halted by the… Trump Administration."
Chicago’s “understanding of homicide evolved from Black bootleggers in the 1920s, to civil rights agitators in the 1960s, to gangs in the 1980s, and unemployed mentor-less Black youth in 2016."