“Police officers justify profiling, stopping, searching, and thus arresting African Americans disproportionately precisely because they are profiled, stopped, searched, and arrested disproportionately."
“Exposure to vicarious UTBP [unfair treatment by police] explained about 12% of the black-white disparity in WC [waist circumference] among women.” & “Our findings suggest there are collateral consequences for people of color … [from] proactive policing practices."
“Black respondents were much more likely (145%) to encounter involuntary police contact.” & “LGB respondents who reported more police contact were significantly more likely to be disadvantaged in relation to existing sexual and racial and economic disparities."
“Symbols of legitimacy or affluence are not sufficient to counter police suspicion [of middle class Black people], and some contexts may heighten it … Middle-class blacks stopped by the police ‘make a point of displaying middle-class status symbols in self-presentations.'"
In a review of 30+ papers, finds that “association of [police] contact with attitudes toward the police was estimated to be about three times larger than the race attitudes toward police association."
“The effect of being stopped or arrested on perceptions of the police does not differ among Blacks, Whites, and Latinos. In the base model, the effect of unsatisfactory treatment varies by race/ethnicity and is largest for Whites and smallest for Blacks."
“Victims killed in predominantly Black neighborhoods receive less news coverage than those killed in predominantly White neighborhoods… [and] were significantly less likely to be discussed as multidimensional humans… net of all controls."
“Analysis of traffic stop data across eight states concludes that about 30-40% of individual officers exhibit a relatively high propensity to stop black drivers, a figure that appears large compared to the ‘rotten apples’ hypothesis."
“This study did not find a significant influence of parental or neighbour socialisations on juvenile attitudes toward the police… Television and music did not significantly contribute to juveniles' perceptions of the police.” Instead, police-initiated contact and peers.