Studies

Research on racial bias in policing

“Empirical evidence that is supportive of the hypothesized training effect of reduced disparity in enforcement is, on the whole, spotty and weak at best.” & “We find then, little evidence of the reductions in racial and ethnic disparities that we hypothesized would follow if officers practiced the FIP strategies for managing their biases."

“Due to stereotypes associating their race with criminality, Black people were most concerned about being treated negatively by police while wearing a mask [for COVID] compared to other racial groups."

“Black and Hispanic individuals tend to be overrepresented among individuals shot and killed by police, in each state.” & “Black residents make up only 1.5% of Utah’s population, but comprise 9.3% of individuals shot and killed by police."

“Based on the data provided and the research methods used to measure the city’s driving population, African Americans are disproportionately the subject of traffic stops.” & “The [police] department’s diversity does not reflect that of the community."

“We find that stopped black and Hispanic pedestrians had about twice the odds of being frisked than white pedestrians who were equally likely to be carrying a weapon… Further, the risk-adjusted disparities are in fact greater than the raw disparities in frisk rates, a finding consistent with the fact that stopped whites are, on average, more likely to be carrying a weapon than stopped minorities."

“The colder a respondent felt toward ‘Blacks,’ the lower they rated the [BLM] movement… Racial resentment was very strongly and negatively associated with favorable views of BLM—the standardized coefficient … is easily the largest in the model."

“Firearms tend to be employed by people for self-protection when they are afraid or feel vulnerable.” & “For a one-unit increase in percent black police officers, the difference in the odds of firearm use between Black and White criminal offenders decreases by 78%."

“The pervasive police presence found in the emergency room of an area’s safety-net hospital does not occur in a primary care doctor’s office or in a suburban urgent care clinic. Poor people and racial minorities also have less choice about accessing emergency room care."