Minorities “commented favourably when they were treated with dignity, even when stopped on suspicion of criminal behaviour and when arrested… Disproportionate use of force and inappropriate language [were reported] almost exclusively [by] African Americans and Latinos."
“African American and HBCU students in Baton Rouge were more likely than their White, traditional university counterparts to have more negative attitudes toward the police… Majority of African American and HBCU respondents agreed that police tend to use excessive force."
“We… isolated the effect of race from criminal history… Black defendants were still 77 percent more likely to be pegged as at higher risk of committing a future violent crime… The algorithm used to create the Florida risk scores is a product of a for-profit company."
Clearance rates for homicides with Latino or Black victims are significantly lower than homicides with White victims. Additionally, “the odds of a death penalty charge are 62–65% lower for cases with Black victims and 47–49% lower for cases with Latino victims."
“Police departments in labor markets with larger Black and Hispanic populations, are more likely to have an underrepresentation of Black and Hispanic officers relative to the local population…[attenuated by] Black/Hispanic presence among top administrators.” @familyunequal
Finds that conservatives, Republicans, whites, those with lower education, and those less attentive to news are more likely to see police killings of Black people as isolated incidents rather than as indicative of a broader problem.
“White respondents were more likely to approve of police striking citizens in some situation, who are vulgar, attempting to escape, [or] attacking the police. White respondents were less likely to approve of police striking murder suspects compared to African American[s]."
“SDO [Social Dominance Orientation] tends to be higher in police officers compared to members of the general public.” & “Police/civilian contact with an enforcement mindset may also produce the kind of normative ambiguity that promotes racially disparate treatment."
“Across three experiments, when participants wore police-style uniforms, we found evidence for attentional bias toward social targets wearing hoodies… The very act of putting on a police-style uniform introduces attentional bias toward a certain segment of the population."