Studies

Research on racial bias in policing

“Small [belonging & values] changes to the email inviting candidates to take part in a [policing judgment test]… managed to increase the probability that a non-white applicant passed… by 50 per cent, closing the gap in pass rates between non-white and white applicants."

“The results also suggest that there is an inflection point [in the % of black officers] at which black officers may become less likely to discriminate against black citizens and more inclined to assume a minority advocacy role or to become neutral enforcers of the law."

“The results of our analysis provide little support for the de-policing explanation of the rise in [2015] homicide levels.” & “The arrest rates for minor and property offenses are negatively associated with the homicide rate but only for Whites."

“Implicit bias endangers the lives of African Americans because these citizens’ actions are given different meanings. Blackness means an unarmed man is armed, a cell phone is a gun… While Whiteness means innocent until proven guilty, boys will be boys."

“Officers are significantly more likely to form a non-behavioral suspicion when the suspect is Black… 4.4 times greater… Suspect race and method of transportation play an important role in the types of suspicion that police officers form."

“Big data policing is racially encoded, colored by the history of real-world policing that disproportionality impacts communities of color. Police data comes from the real world, and all of the long-standing discriminatory impacts of … bias color that data."

“The practice of summoning the police on Black persons engaged in everyday activities… is by no means new.” & “The practice… serves to maintain racial segregation, inflicts a number of intangible injuries, and exposes Blacks to physical and psychological harm."

“Boys of color… are more likely… to be disciplined in school with… potential diversion into the school-to-prison pipeline. If they do come into contact with police… they are more likely to be placed in the juvenile justice system rather than… a diversion program."

“Notions that cast [racism] in terms of individual officers' racial bias do not offer a complete account of why shootings occur… Minority officers are roughly… proportionately represented among shooters-maybe even overrepresented among some categories of shooters."