Studies

Research on racial bias in policing

“Police stereotypes of minority citizens, which conflate race and violent criminality, parallel those of the larger society and may be continuously reinforced by selective personal experience and departmental folklore."

Finds police killings by race are commensurate with rates of police contact, but here’s an… interesting… way to conclude a paper on police violence:

“We find strong evidence that establishment of community nonprofits had a substantively meaningful negative effect on murder, violent crime, and property crime.” & “Reconsidering the set of actors and organizations that have the greatest potential to control violent crime."

“Certain crimes like loitering or riding a bicycle on the sidewalk are far more likely to be enforced in poor black neighborhoods than in affluent white ones… Often, it is the very same residents who report feeling both underprotected and overpoliced."

“The majority of white officers reported the deaths of black citizens during police encounters were isolated incidents; less than half of black officers offered the same assessment.” Also, 92% of white officers “felt the country had made necessary changes” toward equality.

“Studies on the criminalization of black girls and the school-to-prison pipeline document how they experience more severe penalties and punishments than white girls and are subject to sexual harassment from school resource officers and police officers."

“In Toronto… stops of white youth… dropped by 28.6%… By contrast… stops of black youth had increased by 42.7%” & “The findings here do reveal a significant amount of police and black youth interactions in neighbourhoods housing a high percentage of whites."

“Fourth Amendment law more generally, provides police officers with an opportunity to target African Americans without violating the law. The over-policing of African Americans… is a problem of bad laws, and not just bad police officers."

Significant, long-lasting increase in discretionary stops of Black drivers following Trump rallies (no effect on drivers of other races or following other candidates' rallies). h/t @aortmannphd