“For White Americans, negative contact with Black Americans consistently predicted defending the police officer and downplaying the issue of racial injustice.” & “Experiences an individual has with outgroup members predicts how they feel towards the whole outgroup."
"[Fryer] does not establish credible evidence on the presence or absence of discrimination against African Americans in police shootings" & “Absence of any considered analysis of… endogeneity of interactions… undermines any conclusion that there is no discrimination."
“The higher the % of Black residents in a city, the higher the % of the municipal budget derived from court fines and fees. In… majority-White cities… Black motorists make up a significant number of traffic stops… [and] are still policed for revenue."
“Drug arrests increase in counties where local governments are running deficits… in states that allow police departments to retain seizure revenues… Increases, however, are observed only for drug arrests of blacks and Hispanics; drug arrests of whites remain unchanged."
“When cities rely more heavily on fines, fees, and forfeitures… racial disparity in searches increases… contraband hit-rates increase sharply for whites as a reliance on fees increases, but not for blacks."
“Specialized drug unit personnel within police agencies has more than twice the effect on black drug arrests than white drug arrests.” & “Black drug arrest rates are 52% higher in police agencies that supplemented their budgets with drug asset forfeitures [22% for white]."
“When we consider the ‘real’ net incentives faced by police, we see that arrests increase substantially when police get to keep more of the proceeds… a 1% increase in the de facto sharing rate [of forfeitures with police] increases the drug arrest rate by about 0.66%."
“In interviews, the [police] trainers indicated that discussing the role of race in policing proved to be the second hardest ‘sell’ in the curriculum, following only having to convince officers that ‘legitimacy’ should be one of their personal concerns."
Black women are disproportionately strip searched by customs agents (and otherwise over-represented in law enforcement suspicion) due to the intersection of criminal and hyper-sexualized stereotypes.