Studies

Research on racial bias in policing

“Black males who come into contact with police may exhibit physical symptoms of anxiety stemming from fear about being stereotyped as criminals—fear that may be misconstrued by police officers as guilt."

“Blacks had 2.8 times the rate of legal intervention death compared with whites… In most cases, at least one involved officer was white (84.3%)” & “Black victims were significantly more likely to be unarmed …[and] less likely… to have posed an immediate threat to LE."

“Not only are Black men more likely to be fatally killed by police, they are even more likely when they are unarmed…Every year, roughly 1,000 people are lethally shot by the police—about 10% of whom are unarmed, and 40–50% of these are racial and ethnic minorities."

“In New York City… police stops of pedestrians increased from 90,000 to just under 700,000 between 2002 and 2011” & “Yet scores of studies revealed… high-volume stops and low-level arrests were weakly correlated with crime but showed a strong connection to race."

“Perceived discrimination by the police and security, the most common form of discrimination experienced by the participants, has a particularly negative effect on health outcomes.” (@matkau)

Europe: “Minority respondents were more likely than majority respondents to be stopped when on public transport or on the street… Every second minority victim of assault… did not report… because they were not confident the police would be able to do anything about it."

“The rate of stops for Black drivers decreased 15% between 2009 and 2019, while the rate of stops for white drivers fell by 28%… In 2019, the rate of stops for Black drivers was more than twice that of white drivers.” (h/t @JulieMFaenza)

“The majority of those who deliver methamphetamine, ecstasy, powder cocaine, and heroin in Seattle are white; blacks are the majority of those who deliver only one drug: crack. Yet 64 percent of those arrested for delivering one of these five drugs is black."

“The proactive surveillance of African American drivers, significantly increases as African Americans travel farther from ‘black’ communities and into whiter neighborhoods.” However, Black drivers “are the least likely to have legal problems (i.e., hits)” in these areas.