Studies

Research on racial bias in policing

“The slowdown significantly reduced proactive policing… Contradicting arguments that systematically decreasing proactive policing should correspond to increased crime … our results reveal that civilian complaints of major crimes declined by approximately 3–6%."

“Police unions publicly and aggressively defend police officers accused of misconduct… Unions have opposed policy changes designed to foster better police–community relations, particularly the current issue of racial profiling."

“African Americans were more likely to experience a traffic stop than either white or Hispanic drivers… African American drivers and Hispanic drivers were more likely to be searched… African Americans were 3 times more likely to experience police use of force."

“Existing best practices such as hot spot policing are…a crude algorithmic remediation of patrol geographies that facilitate the over-policing of poor and minority communities and expose them to police abuses…a blunt preventive instrument that allows for biased patrols."

“We showed… tall White men may benefit from increased perceptions of competence, tall Black men are burdened with increased perceptions of threat… NYPD police officers stopped tall Black men at a disproportionately high rate."

“All groups experienced violent repressive policing through direct or indirect encounters.” & “The vast majority of revolutionary activists… vowed to engage in future activism efforts even after experiencing high levels of aggressive police action."

“Having dark skin increased the chances that an African American would be sent to prison, rather than receive probation or have his charges reduced… White men with Afrocentric features like larger lips or fuller noses were more likely to be punished than other white men."

“Racial residential segregation was the most robust indicator associated with state-level racial disparities in police shootings of unarmed victims… controlling for both the overall rate of Black police shootings and Black arrest rates."