Studies

Research on racial bias in policing

“The results show that being black or Latino is associated with being frisked and experiencing force – particularly non-weapon force."

“In a geographically diverse sample of BMSM [Black men who have sex with men]… police harassment was independently associated with an approximate 60% increase in the risk of distress. Further, police harassment perceived to be due to both racism and homophobia predicted even further elevations in risk of distress."

“We also find substantial differences in the behavior of female officers—both relative to male officers generally and within racial and ethnic groups— with the most substantial differences pertaining to use of force. The vast majority of gendered reductions stem from a reduced focus on arresting and using force against Black civilians."

“The estimated coefficient of CCI [Corruption Convictions Index] is positive and statistically significant in all estimations indicating that in corrupt states Blacks are killed by the police disproportionately. The magnitude of the effect is significant as well."

“When individuals stopped by the Strike Force on these occasions had money, it was typically seized by the officers… Most of these encounters had no relation to gang activity… [and] almost always involved a person of color."

“These patterns suggest a strong likelihood that racial/ethnic bias plays a role in traffic stop policies and practices in Minnesota. The same is true for the searches that result from these stops… It is fair to conclude that the problems that they suggest are not isolated to a handful of jurisdictions."

“Externally, the majority of [minority police officer] participants experienced hate crimes and incidents on duty because of the intersectionality of their police identity and personal identities. Internally, the majority of participants experienced bias and prejudice … because of … race, religion and gender."

“Although only 13% of the U.S. population is Black, respondents estimated, on average, that 56% of those who support ‘police reform’ were Black."

“Many teachers feel that the increasing links between policing and schooling will be most harmful to racially minoritized students… The mere presence of officers can stigmatize students and schools, and feed a culture of low expectations."

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