Studies

Research on racial bias in policing

"[In Paris,] direct discrimination on the basis of physical appearance is coupled with indirect discrimination based on a set of distinguishing features which… [are] distributed in such a way that … they result in disparities between the different ethnic groups."

“Between 900 and 1,000 people are killed each year by on-duty police across the United States, but relatively few officers are criminally charged.” When charged, the conviction rate is low, even though a majority (69%) of those charged killed unarmed suspects.

“Prosecutors joining police unions would also, likely, bolster the view that prosecutors collude with the police to prevent criminal justice reform from taking root even with reformist elected prosecutors in office and that such offices are usually systemically racist."

“Even though there was no racial disparity in the change in recovery rates, the increase in stops of nonwhites implies that the burden of this policy shift occurred primarily for blacks and Hispanics in impact-zone areas” where the NYPD increased “stop and frisk” policing.

“We observed no impact on changes in racial disparities of use-of-force incidents in the three sites that provided data on that outcome. Finally, changes in racial disparities associated with pedestrian stops, traffic stops, and arrests are site-and outcome-specific."

“We find that the use of force against African American subjects significantly increases the week after an African American individual injures the officer’s peer… Surprisingly … force against a White suspect falls … after a White assailant injures an officer."

“We exploit quasirandom variation in supervisor assignment and find that white supervisors are less likely to nominate black officers [for an award] than white… officers… control[ling] for officer characteristics, including experience, arrest record, and misconduct."

For urban teens “direct police contact (arrests and stops that do not result in arrest) are associated with reductions in GPA. Second, we find that experiencing vicarious police contact is also associated with reductions in GPA."