The Supreme Court’s “Whren decision allows police to use race as a basis for a stop while hiding behind the traffic violation, no matter how minor, as the pretext for the stop… Vice officers … enforce … one as trivial as stopping too long at a stop sign."
“Higher-income African Americans report being stopped at about 1.5 times the rate of higher-income white Americans” & “African Americans are nearly twice as likely as white Americans to report a police officer swearing at them.” & “65% think police … racially profile."
“Police officers, comedians, and white supremacists all frame their use of racist jokes as an attack against ‘political correctness.'” & “Racist humor facilitates bonding…among white officers, at the same time…they engage in the dehumanization of nonwhite [citizens]."
“What should be done by those who… want to ‘make blue lives matter’? Unfortunately, those who originally trumpeted this slogan… appear to be blind to useful approaches… due to a myopic preoccupation with vilifying Black Lives Matter… motivated by defensiveness."
“Like previous research I find clear evidence of bias in police-caused killings using data from 2015 to 2018. … Latinos were 1.26 times as likely as whites … Blacks were 1.38 times as likely as whites to have been unarmed prior to getting killed by police."
“When higher short-run revenue is necessary, officers shift their limited resources of time to increased targeting of white drivers. … police focus … on people of color in the absence of fiscal distress, despite lower hitrates among these motorists than white drivers."
“Research suggests that Black males are often perceived not only as older but more physically threatening…heavier, taller… regardless of their actual height, weight, and musculature. These perceptions then led to justification for more aggressive measures by police."
“Astoundingly, implicit stereotypes … often conflict with an individual’s consciously held beliefs… When one considers the shift from overt racism to colorblind racism, the effects of these biases within the criminal justice system are often obscured."
Implicit racial bias “drives the increased scrutiny of young African-American males because of a subconscious and automatic association between this group and danger. … In fact, it affects even the most race conscious among us."