Studies

Research on racial bias in policing

“The [DOJ] reports demonstrate that officers frequently subjected [African Americans] to verbal abuse… Investigators found that officers' use of racially-charged language and crude jokes created a culture where blacks were dehumanized."

“This string of constitutional precedent … expand[s] the concept of ‘driving while black’ to include ‘parking while black’ … the effect of it being next to impossible to limit seizures based on racial profiling justified by reasonable suspicion of a parking violation."

“Young [Black] men… made frequent reference to officers' inability to apprehend…assailants… Study participants also ascribed the small probability that suspects would be arrested to their prevailing view that police did not care about making communities of color safe."

Criminalizing black youth by outlawing music genres popular with Black youth in Britain.

In a review of 75 police departments' use-of-force guidelines, finds: - 51% mention mental health; - 31% require exhaustion of non-force alternatives; - 27% require intervening in excessive use of force; - 17% require force to be proportional to threat; - 12% mention bias

“For whites , anti-black racial stereotyping was a significant positive predictor of approval for the use of both reasonable and excessive force against a black offender, but had a negative or non-significant effect when the offender was white."

“Our results suggest that transfers of military equipment to police departments has a fragmenting effect on civic engagement. Black households reduce charitable giving. The relative impact of police militarization is consistently worse for black households."