“Race is not a causal factor for [middle school] disciplinary findings… Reporting racial statistics, in isolation without proper context, is misleading and reinforces a perspective that may… lead to over-policing schools with high numbers of Black… students."
“Police data generated by the unlawful or biased practices and policies of a specific police department or division can corrupt practices and data in other jurisdictions … [who] incorporate such data into their own predictive policing systems."
“We present the first causal evidence suggesting that [broken-windows policing], which emphasizes extensive police contact at low levels of suspicious behavior, can lower the educational performance of African American boys, with implications for … racial inequality."
“In many … shootings, police officers did not know who they were encountering or know their criminal background… After deadly force encounters involving black people, the media consistently called into question the criminal histories placing blame solely on the victim."
“There are significant potential psychological and emotional effects that may be experienced and felt by Black men in the United States who have seen, heard or read about by police induced trauma…72%… worried about being fatally shot by law enforcement on a daily basis."
“African-Americans… are also disproportionately subject to the types of white-collar crime that target the poor and disadvantaged… Some of these are the most serious forms of white-collar crime, including environmental offenses and workplace safety regulations."
“African Americans and other disadvantaged minorities are highly unlikely to be charged with such white collar crimes as antitrust or corporate wrong-doing."
“Stereotypes appear to be leading to a systematic distortion in the perception of a neighborhood’s crime rate.” & “Measures of crime based on official reports … cannot explain all, or even most, of the influence of racial composition on perceptions of neighborhood crime."