Studies

Research on racial bias in policing

“Christian nationalist ideology influences Americans to draw sharper ethnic boundaries such that they are more likely to see black Americans as outsiders and deviants and therefore deserving of whatever treatment they receive from the police."

“Implicit biases, stereotyping, and other cultural factors may… contribute to perceptions by decision makers that a Black girl has run afoul of institutional norms, and that punishment, rather than restorative or therapeutic responses, is warranted."

“We found that the frequency of police stops [of black and Latino adolescents] predicted more frequent engagement in delinquent behavior 6, 12, and 18 mo later, whereas delinquent behavior did not predict subsequent reports of police stops."

“Data being used in the predictive policing analysis is based on previous policing patterns… We know poor black and Latino communities are over-policed. Thus ‘predictive’ … policing will likely serve to further associate blackness with criminality."

“Hassling by the police that is perceived as being racist also appears to promote … illegal behavior for some Black adolescents, especially those who are high in RP [racial pride]… In the absence of police discrimination, RP is associated with less illegal behavior."

“Results of this study raise grave concerns that African Americans and Hispanics are over-stopped, over-frisked, over-searched, and over-arrested… after controlling for the violent and property crime rates in the specific reporting district and a host of other variables."

“State mandatory expulsion laws predict a 0.5 percentage point increase in suspensions and a nearly 3-times larger increase in the rate of suspension of Black students than White students… while, in the view of principals, not reducing overall levels of misbehavior."

“School Police Officers represent a workforce seemingly underprepared to achieve the goals of their work but who also possess relatively high authority and discretion.” & “No support for the assumption that SPO presence deters negative behavior."

“Our analysis demonstrates wide geographic variation in the incidence of fatal police violence… areas of the count[r]y with low rates overall tended to also exhibit the most severe Black-White inequities."