Studies

Research on racial bias in policing

“Police agencies in Missouri have indeed changed their behavior regarding traffic stops in the post-Ferguson era, most likely as a result of the intense public scrutiny… Yet, such a pullback in police activity has not led to more crime."

“When considering Black drivers being stopped for seatbelt violations, Black drivers are 398 percent more likely than White drivers to receive a cita¬≠tion as opposed to a written warning, or nearly four times as likely."

By focusing traffic stops on actual moving violations rather than officer “investigatory” stops, “Both measures of Black non-Hispanic traffic stop disparities were reduced” & “All three measures of negative traffic outcomes [crashes, injuries, fatalities] were also reduced."

Fryer (finally) shows some* regret that his results have been the racists’ favorite rallying cry.*

“Between 2013 and 2017, a Black person in Toronto was nearly 20 times more likely than a White person to be involved in a fatal shooting by the Toronto Police Service (TPS).” & “The more serious the police conduct and lethal the outcome, the greater the over-representation."

“Hispanics have a worse relationship with the police than whites but better than African Americans… Rather than a single ‘minority group’ orientation to the police, the general pattern is a racial hierarchy taking the form of a white/Asian/Latino/black continuum."

“Negative sentiments toward Blacks were observed frequently during gatherings of White [police] recruits… leading officers to believe that … inclusion of African Americans in policing represent a decline in standards."

“Across all crime benchmarks in all years, there is substantial evidence of anti-Black racial disparities in the killing of unarmed noncriminals by police. Here, we fail to recover the principle findings of Cesario et al. (2019)."

“Black male drivers are two to three times more likely to experience a search than white males, even when controlling for other predictors of search. … Thus, racial disparities in traffic stop searches cannot be ‘explained away.'"