“Predictive policing and actuarial justice tools—including algorithms that do not include race in their design—produce racially-disparate results that intensify policing of already over-policed communities.
“The ever-popular response [is] that ‘Black on Black’ crime justifies countless policing injustices… A similarly overwhelming number of crimes suffered by White victims are committed by White perpetrators… [but] the phrase ‘White on White’ crime has no social salience."
In local television news stories of crime, “Whites are far more likely than blacks to be presented as victims. Only as alleged or identified perpetrators do African-Americans dominate newscasts. This reinforces racist stereotypes."
The circulation of explicitly racist electronic media amongst police officers is widespread and well-documented… Images that depict Obama as a racial threat to police officers are pervasive throughout the digital sphere of police culture."
People with “more frequent and meaningful contact with Blacks and other minority groups,” with “more favorability toward Whites than Blacks” or with greater “conservativism” were more likely to justify police brutality and to oppose BLM.
“Baltimore’s police department… is 44% black, but its FOP has never had a black leader. The D.C. FOP chapter board is mainly white, even though the Metropolitan [PD] is predominately black. The Chicago FOP has no black officers on the executive leadership team."
“Throughout American history, police have gravitated to right-wing, law-and- order politicians and ethnocentric groups… The FOP [Fraternal Order of Police] has a racially fraught history.” & “[FOP] lodge density is associated with a… swing from Romney to Trump."
“Police unions have fought to shield their members from public scrutiny and legal accountability. And police unions repeatedly have rallied behind politicians hostile to criminal justice reform, racial justice, and labor rights.” [Proposes more nuanced discussion of unions]
“As with the All Lives Matter narrative, Blue Lives Matter sought to construct [BLM] as selfish and ungrateful for the protections police courageously provide them.” & “With few exceptions, these counter narratives framed those killed as at fault for their own deaths."