Studies

Research on racial bias in policing

“The physical and psychological harm the young Black men in our study witnessed and directly experienced as a result of actual and potential police violence clearly fit within DSM-5 conceptualizations of trauma."

“Similarities are presented throughout these cases of police violence… Police tried to justify their behavior by stating the victim looked suspicious. This suspicion the police refer to originates from stereotypes… created during the antebellum period to oppress Blacks."

No evident correlation between police killings and level of violence.

“Child abuse/interparental violence is significant in predicting officer stress and violence… Ironically, these negative early experiences may also influence the selection of law enforcement as a career for … individuals that may seek employment in a helping profession."

“Hence our proposal that law-enforcement–related deaths be a notifiable condition, reported in real time by medical and public health professionals… It is time that public health agencies exercise their ability to report … data on law-enforcement–related mortality."

“Female officers and same-gender female-female officer pairs generally use less force in police-citizen encounters than do their male counter-parts.” & “Officer injury might be more likely to occur when officers engage in [above-average use of force]."

“Rationale and intent to harm by an assailant in general assaults differs substantially from those of law enforcement personnel [yet] the severity of the injuries suffered by the patients in both groups are nearly identical, [despite police]… training to minimize harm."

“Whereas police fear seemingly triggers most police killings, some of them result from police officers deliberately putting themselves in situations where deadly force becomes reasonable or permissible.” & “Forms of racism are likely important [but not]… the whole story."

“65.3% [of emergency physicians] estimated recognising two or more cases of suspected excessive use of force [by police] per year among their patients.” & “EPs have legal responsibilities for reporting many types of assaultive injuries [but not] by police officers."