“White support for spending on policing is driven by racial resentment and punitiveness across 3 nationally representative samples. Robust to controls for local crime and fear of crime."
“After controlling for a myriad of factors, it is clear that certain racial, gender, age, and class groups are much more heavily targeted [for vehicle searches] than others. Racially, black and Latinx drivers are targeted most heavily."
“Officers used neighborhood conditions and prior knowledge of problem areas to justify detaining otherwise law-abiding Black citizens.” and “The pronounced pattern of arbitrary pedestrian stops … is suggestive of racially biased policing."
“This finding reaffirms theories of colorblind and laissez-faire racism … and shows that a subset of Americans may be cloaking their concerns about the racial order behind a superficially nonracial support of the police."
“Enacting a primary enforcement seat belt law in South Carolina led to a larger relative increase in the number of stops to Black drivers beyond that experienced by White drivers."
Further, much of Fryer’s analysis relies on officers' self-reporting a suspect’s race. As @eluhper has convincingly shown for traffic stops in Texas, “misreporting was used effectively to evade detection of bias."
(cont) “Replicating and extending … Fryer (2019), … the consequences of ignoring the selective process that generates police data are severe, leading analysts to dramatically underestimate or conceal entirely the differential police violence faced by civilians of color."