Studies

Research on racial bias in policing

“Properly interpreted, … Fryer’s analysis is that the racial disparity in arrest rates is larger than the racial disparity in police shootings. This is an unsurprising finding, and proves neither a lack of bias nor … of systematic discrimination."

“These racial disparities resulted in approximately 61,000 more cases of police force against Black civilians … than would have occurred if Black civilians were treated identically to Whites, greater than the total number of Whites who were subjected to force."

“Black women are more likely to experience police use of force—including having a gun drawn on them—during a stop than White women, even after accounting for alternative explanations."

On implicit bias: “This process is a diffuse andlargely unconscious one. It does not require bigoted or mean-spirited officers. Nor does it require officers to even notice that they are stopping minorities at higher and unexplainable rates."

“The overwhelming majority of SWAT raids it studied were for … serving a search warrant in drug cases, not cases involving violence. [This] erodes public trust, particularly in communities of color, and turns what should be a peaceful encounter into a paramilitary raid."

“My study overcomes selection concerns by examining police officer behavior in automobile crash investigations… Officers issue significantly more citations to other-race drivers … the findings serve as decisive evidence of systematic racial bias by police officers."

“Victimisation by police appears to be widespread, inequitably distributed across demographic groups and psychologically impactful… Public health efforts … may be needed, particularly in disadvantaged urban communities."

“Gender nonconforming young women of color … appear to be disproportionately affected by exclusionary discipline policies and policing in schools… exacerbated by the cumulative institutional betrayals they endure."

"[I was] a public defender, as … [NYC] transformed [to] … zero-tolerance policing that was confined almost entirely to communities of color and vulnerable populations…" and “This policing favors the rich and disfavors … particularly poor people of color."