“Bias-based policing impacts all aspects of policing, and many feel that it should be considered the most serious problem facing law enforcement today… Administrators often fail to recognize the true problems behind bias-based policing and respond only to symptoms."
“Another example is … [the] phrase ‘quality of life,’ which is used to give a humanitarian gloss to … urban policing… One might well question exactly whose quality of life is being protected. Young people of color are among the most affected by [more] policing."
“Police appear less able to make refined distinctions in their perceptions of neighborhood youth. Police have particularly harsh feelings about youth in minority neighborhoods, describing them with a wide range of negative attributes."
“Pressure to conform to the organization … weighs heavily on black officers and affects their attitudes and ultimately their behavior. … We provide evidence that institutional factors, such as socialization, can reverse the benefits of passive representation."
A majority of police officers agreed that “it is not unusual for police officers to ‘turn a blind eye’ to other officers' improper conduct.” Majority observe excessive force.
“The racial impact of this form of drug law enforcement was known to police, prosecutors, and city and county officials for years, but no remedial changes were made despite some significant pressure along the way."
“Increasingly, racial boundaries are maintained through deployment of law enforcement to police racialized boundaries… While the racially restrictive covenant and … policing employ different strategies, the result … [is] Black exclusion from white-identified enclaves."
“While the adverse effects of stop-and-frisk on blacks and Hispanics are largely attributable to heavy use of the tactic in high-crime, predominately minority areas, there still appears to be an element of racial bias."