2008

10 entries found for 2008

“Police unions publicly and aggressively defend police officers accused of misconduct… Unions have opposed policy changes designed to foster better police–community relations, particularly the current issue of racial profiling."

“Policing of blacks has been disproportionately aggressive for crimes associated with high levels of police discretion… Racial profiling [is] not limited to…unwarranted searches, but extend[s] to a higher propensity to arrest blacks given a marginal amount of evidence."

“Results of this study raise grave concerns that African Americans and Hispanics are over-stopped, over-frisked, over-searched, and over-arrested… after controlling for the violent and property crime rates in the specific reporting district and a host of other variables."

“The findings suggest that when African American police executives reach the very pinnacle of their careers and are at the most public of positions, they experience dramatically increased resistance from whites about their commands."

“Criminal justice practitioners cannot eliminate all disparities from the system alone… Minority overrepresentation in the criminal justice system is the end result of disparate treatment in … education, jobs, sustainable income, and affordable housing."

Priming experimental subjects with pictures of apes makes them perceive police violence against Black suspects as more justified than against white suspects. “Participants who were primed with apes thought that the police were more justified in beating the Black suspect."

“The virtual absence of accounts of the police in the context of discussions of racial identity, or even discrimination, by White respondents underscores the gulf that separates Black and White Americans’ experiences of police encounters."

“Pressure to conform to the organization … weighs heavily on black officers and affects their attitudes and ultimately their behavior. … We provide evidence that institutional factors, such as socialization, can reverse the benefits of passive representation."

“First, the repeated stopping of citizens is almost solely a Black experience. The concentration of motor vehicle stops across all citizens was completely driven by the concentration of those stops across Black citizens."

“Although our results do indicate that racial unevenness is associated with the arrest disparities for ‘softer’ crimes such as drugs and weapons violations, it is not entirely clear whether this effect reflects implicit or explicit biases rooted in race, class, or [both]."