“Officers are more likely to use the Taser on non-White and male suspects, controlling for level of resistance, call type, and other factors associated with the incident… Cases involving suspect flight indicate an even greater impact of race and gender on Taser use."
“The greater the proportion of Black residents in a block group, the more likely the police will also downgrade (or at least upgrade less) [their response to incidents] compared to other places… even when including violent crime rates."
“This study documents how nondelinquent youth, who live in high-crime areas, who are intimately involved in churches… and who generally like the police, experience law enforcement in urban neighborhoods and schools… sacrificed on the altar of public safety."
“It appears as though the infusion of Latino and African-American officers into the tradi- tional policing culture served to ‘unfreeze’ and change many of the pre-existing, less community-oriented attitudes held by non-minority officers."
“Blacks were more willing to cooperate with the police compared to Whites… [W]hat this seems to indicate is that there is greater demand among African Americans for a local, collaborative partnership between the police and community."
“Greater risk of client arrest and unauthorized confiscation of injection equipment reported by [syringe exchange programs] serving primarily people of color underscores a pernicious disparity… translate into elevated incidence of HIV infection in minority communities."
“Data clearly suggest that black Canadians are much more likely to be stopped and searched by the police than their Chinese and white counterparts.” & “White and Chinese respondents are more likely to view racial profiling tactics as a legitimate crime-fighting strategy."
“Black drivers were about three times as likely as white drivers … to be searched during a traffic stop.” & “Blacks and Hispanics were more likely than whites to experience the use or threat of force during contact with police."
“Research consistently shows that whites and minorities want the same thing from the police: fair treatment. Minorities' … perceived unfairness leads to… less deference to the law… and lower levels of cooperation."
“Individuals are more likely to voluntarily comply with the law when they perceive the law to be legitimate and applied in a non-discriminatory fashion. From the point of view of racial minorities, this is precisely the opposite of the current state of affairs."
“Bottom line: poor black neighborhoods see too little of the kinds of policing and criminal punishment that do the most good, and too much of the kinds that do the most harm."
“A father’s incarceration places adolescents and young adults similarly ‘at risk’ for increased delinquency and likelihood of arrest, regardless of race and ethnic classification… [but] Black and Hispanic youth remain much more likely to have an incarcerated father."
"[Journalists'] recycled metaphors and modifiers such as jungle, predator, epidemic, infested, viral, and bred or breeding tell us that the places and people we are encountering are somehow bestial, pestilent, or otherwise uncivilized… conditions that ‘breed’ crime."
When police respond to domestic violence calls, “where both parties in the couple were White, the odds of arrest decreased by just less than .8 times."
“Racist ideologies and the ideology of individual responsibility thus enjoy a symbiotic relationship, together forming a worldview in which racial disparity in incarceration is explicable, justifiable, and necessary."
“Most white Americans believe racism is yesterday’s dragon, valiantly slain during the civil rights era… This, in turn, greatly frustrates efforts to mobilize support for policies aimed at combating continuing racial injustice."
“Even when there were black slave owners and black plantation owners, it didn’t undermine the racist nature of slavery. Black police chiefs and black mayors exist within a social and political context in the united states today that has been racially defined."
“In the neutral context… participants shot an unarmed Black target more frequently than an unarmed White… In the dangerous context, bias was not significant … The reduction in bias was due to the fact that participants were predisposed to shoot everybody."
“Police appear less able to make refined distinctions in their perceptions of neighborhood youth. Police have particularly harsh feelings about youth in minority neighborhoods, describing them with a wide range of negative attributes."
“The racial impact of this form of drug law enforcement was known to police, prosecutors, and city and county officials for years, but no remedial changes were made despite some significant pressure along the way."
“We report with confidence that the results are not mixed. Race matters… Holding all other situational factors constant, the arrest risk on average is 30 percent higher for racial minorities than for Whites."
“Pleas attorneys felt they could obtain with a minority client contained higher sentences than those they felt they could obtain with a Caucasian client and were significantly more likely to include some jail time. Reasons … were not due to increased perceptions of guilt."