2012 | Police Research

863/

“Despite Black women having alcohol/drug use identified by prenatal care providers at similar rates to White women and entering treatment more than expected, Black newborns were four times more likely than White newborns to be reported to CPS at delivery. This contradicts the premise of Effective Treatment."

842/

“The significant statistical differences between the test group and the comparison group indicate that the [CRT] course is effective in teaching all police officers to be more aware of racism. White officers show the most dramatic differences."

841/

“The relationship between grades and police contacts [for eighth graders] was significant for White teens, but not for Blacks, suggesting that high academic performance… does not protect Black teens from early contacts with law enforcement."

836/

[Sweden] “The underlying code of secrecy and the demands of unstinting loyalty effectively block critical and constructive voices from being heard. Consequently, … police misconduct in interactions with ethnic minority citizenry is allowed to be perpetuated."

835/

“Neo-liberal gun politics situates guns as responsible tools for self-protection against (black) criminals in lieu of (absent) police… Neo-radical gun politics situate guns in terms of not only the state’s inability to protect, but also its propensity to violate."

833/

"[Black students have] fear and persistent aversion of interactions with university police officers… Surprisingly, the participants expressed the most challenging experiences on campus at night when they were going to the library and trying to study for their classes."

832/

“The significant [police data] effects appear to be intentional violation of Massachusetts state law mandating the reporting of race and ethnicity.” & “Race and ethnicity missingness is significantly more likely in agencies with higher proportions of Black … residents."

“A white job applicant with a criminal record was 3.4 times more likely to receive a call back from an employer than a black applicant with a criminal record… A white applicant with no criminal record was 2.4 times more likely… A considerable additional disadvantage."

762/

“In Brownsville, Brooklyn, from 2006 to 2010, within a perimeter of about eight blocks, the New York [PD] made 52,000 stops, with less than 1 percent of stops resulting in an arrest… Young African American males overwhelmingly bore the brunt of these policies.” @CarlaShedd

Perceptions of a neighborhood’s disorder (driven largely by minority presence) is a better indicator of future crime than actual neighborhood conditions due to “unwittingly promoted self-reinforcing actions…e.g, outmigration…thereby producing what it seeks to avoid."

“Irrespective of differences in the assessment of perceived racism … the experience of racism among Black Americans is ubiquitous and is shown in this study to be associated with psychological distress” & “features associated with trauma."

538/

“Police stop, search, and arrest sex workers using condoms as evidence to support prostitution charges… Fear of arrest overwhelmed their need to protect themselves from HIV, other [STDs] and pregnancy.” & Risks are “more marked in transgender persons of color."

506/

"[In Paris,] direct discrimination on the basis of physical appearance is coupled with indirect discrimination based on a set of distinguishing features which… [are] distributed in such a way that … they result in disparities between the different ethnic groups."

479/

“The criminalized poor of color are characterized as either products of violent environments that should be heavily policed or as irrational people incapable of moral agency who need to be under police surveillance… held responsible today for crimes they may never commit."

439/

“Police officers correctly responded more quickly to guns, but more slowly to nonguns, held by Black targets than by targets of any other race.” & “Reaction time bias to shoot Black targets increased as a function of … prejudice reported on the discrimination scale."

241/

“OISs [Officer Involved Shootings] preceded by officer-initiated contacts are more likely to involve unarmed suspects than… e.g., call for service… Black OIS suspects are more likely to [be] stopped on the officer’s initiation than non-black OIS suspects."

121/

“Increasingly, racial boundaries are maintained through deployment of law enforcement to police racialized boundaries… While the racially restrictive covenant and … policing employ different strategies, the result … [is] Black exclusion from white-identified enclaves."

107/

“Perhaps the individual police officers do not intend to discriminate. … The question of intent should be reframed. Do we as a nation intend to collectively consider the evidence, or will we exercise the collective intent to ignore the evidence?"

72/

“In addition to the racial disparity in the numbers of children exposed to harmful school police practices, the nature of the harm is disproportionately severe and uniquely far-reaching for nonwhite students."

68/

“Disparities between blacks and whites are prominent in most [Vermont] jurisdictions, with blacks facing a higher probability of being stopped, of receiving harsher penalties, and of being arrested and searched."

63/

“The use of arrest data as the denominator for racial profiling statistics was mostly popular among conservative journalists and pundits for a short time… Since a police ‘stop’ is often a precursor to an arrest, arrest records may be racially skewed."

37/

“Simply bringing to mind a Black (vs. White) juvenile offender led participants to view juveniles in general as significantly more similar to adults in their inherent culpability and to express more support for severe sentencing."

13/

27 entries found for 2012

“The significant statistical differences between the test group and the comparison group indicate that the [CRT] course is effective in teaching all police officers to be more aware of racism. White officers show the most dramatic differences."

“The relationship between grades and police contacts [for eighth graders] was significant for White teens, but not for Blacks, suggesting that high academic performance… does not protect Black teens from early contacts with law enforcement."

[Sweden] “The underlying code of secrecy and the demands of unstinting loyalty effectively block critical and constructive voices from being heard. Consequently, … police misconduct in interactions with ethnic minority citizenry is allowed to be perpetuated."

“Neo-liberal gun politics situates guns as responsible tools for self-protection against (black) criminals in lieu of (absent) police… Neo-radical gun politics situate guns in terms of not only the state’s inability to protect, but also its propensity to violate."

"[Black students have] fear and persistent aversion of interactions with university police officers… Surprisingly, the participants expressed the most challenging experiences on campus at night when they were going to the library and trying to study for their classes."

“The significant [police data] effects appear to be intentional violation of Massachusetts state law mandating the reporting of race and ethnicity.” & “Race and ethnicity missingness is significantly more likely in agencies with higher proportions of Black … residents."

“Neighborhoods with historically higher rates of Black violent crime suspects… had significantly higher Black stop and search rates… Neighborhood rates of… Hispanic or White violent crimes suspects were not… related to future stop and search rates for these groups."

“Policing education was strongly negatively related to perceptions of procedural justice [during police encounters]. Specifically, among African-American males, having taken a class resulted in a 90% reduction in the odds of believing one was treated fairly."

“A white job applicant with a criminal record was 3.4 times more likely to receive a call back from an employer than a black applicant with a criminal record… A white applicant with no criminal record was 2.4 times more likely… A considerable additional disadvantage."

“In Brownsville, Brooklyn, from 2006 to 2010, within a perimeter of about eight blocks, the New York [PD] made 52,000 stops, with less than 1 percent of stops resulting in an arrest… Young African American males overwhelmingly bore the brunt of these policies.” @CarlaShedd

“The turn to a punitive foster care approach is justified by stereotypes of black maternal unfitness. For example… Social workers often assumed that African American parents had substance abuse problems without making similar assumptions about white parents."

Perceptions of a neighborhood’s disorder (driven largely by minority presence) is a better indicator of future crime than actual neighborhood conditions due to “unwittingly promoted self-reinforcing actions…e.g, outmigration…thereby producing what it seeks to avoid."

“When selection displaces evidence, racially-driven selection decisions are not only discriminatory, they are also more likely to generate wrongful convictions…” & “distribute criminal liability based on race and social vulnerability rather than individual fault."

“Irrespective of differences in the assessment of perceived racism … the experience of racism among Black Americans is ubiquitous and is shown in this study to be associated with psychological distress” & “features associated with trauma."

“Police stop, search, and arrest sex workers using condoms as evidence to support prostitution charges… Fear of arrest overwhelmed their need to protect themselves from HIV, other [STDs] and pregnancy.” & Risks are “more marked in transgender persons of color."

"[In Paris,] direct discrimination on the basis of physical appearance is coupled with indirect discrimination based on a set of distinguishing features which… [are] distributed in such a way that … they result in disparities between the different ethnic groups."

“The criminalized poor of color are characterized as either products of violent environments that should be heavily policed or as irrational people incapable of moral agency who need to be under police surveillance… held responsible today for crimes they may never commit."

“Police officers correctly responded more quickly to guns, but more slowly to nonguns, held by Black targets than by targets of any other race.” & “Reaction time bias to shoot Black targets increased as a function of … prejudice reported on the discrimination scale."

“OISs [Officer Involved Shootings] preceded by officer-initiated contacts are more likely to involve unarmed suspects than… e.g., call for service… Black OIS suspects are more likely to [be] stopped on the officer’s initiation than non-black OIS suspects."

“Increasingly, racial boundaries are maintained through deployment of law enforcement to police racialized boundaries… While the racially restrictive covenant and … policing employ different strategies, the result … [is] Black exclusion from white-identified enclaves."

“Perhaps the individual police officers do not intend to discriminate. … The question of intent should be reframed. Do we as a nation intend to collectively consider the evidence, or will we exercise the collective intent to ignore the evidence?"

“In addition to the racial disparity in the numbers of children exposed to harmful school police practices, the nature of the harm is disproportionately severe and uniquely far-reaching for nonwhite students."

“Disparities between blacks and whites are prominent in most [Vermont] jurisdictions, with blacks facing a higher probability of being stopped, of receiving harsher penalties, and of being arrested and searched."

“The use of arrest data as the denominator for racial profiling statistics was mostly popular among conservative journalists and pundits for a short time… Since a police ‘stop’ is often a precursor to an arrest, arrest records may be racially skewed."

“Simply bringing to mind a Black (vs. White) juvenile offender led participants to view juveniles in general as significantly more similar to adults in their inherent culpability and to express more support for severe sentencing."

“Incarceration rates may reach a certain tipping point, which…actually contribute to the social conditions that lead to, rather than control, crime… Enforcement-heavy, arrest-driven policing will continue to reinforce the community’s belief in police illegitimacy."