“White women and other race women are no more likely to receive a citation versus a warning compared to white men, but black women, Hispanic women, and other race men are all significantly more likely to receive a citations versus a warning compared to white men."
“Race disproportionality is not a ‘constant’, or a ‘given’, or something made inevitable by the conduct or circumstances of ethnic minority people, but something that can be reduced by police action without prejudice to policing or crime reduction."
“The rate of Black stops and searches in England per 1,000 stands at a staggering 128.8, with 16.9 for Whites and 39.7 for Asians… Blacks were stopped 150,000 times in England alone, 28,000 times in Wales and 104,000 times in London."
“SU [gang special unit] officers showed significantly more bias [in simulated shooting tasks] than patrol officers. In fact, SU officers showed levels of bias [in decision to shoot] that were comparable to untrained community members."
“African American adolescents who lived in communities with more White residents became disillusioned with the police more quickly than African American adolescents who resided in more racially integrated or minority-populated communities."
“The initial [police] recruit survey showed indications of racism… Many recruits’ expectations of the diversity training demonstrated an assumed association between racial minorities and crime.” No significant changes were observed in attitudes after 12 weeks of training.
“Conditional on the crime context of the neighborhood … perceptions of the danger posed by crime were higher in neighborhoods with greater numbers of race-ethnic minorities, in particular African–Americans and Latinos."
“Racial prejudice and discrimination within the police workforce has been verified by the findings of industrial tribunals, research studies, and analyses of officers' experiences… Black people, for example, are thought to be … aggressive, lacking brainpower."
“The nuisance property ordinance … forc[es] abused women to choose between calling the police on their abusers (only to risk eviction) or staying in their apartments (only to risk more abuse). Women from black neighborhoods disproportionately face this devil’s bargain."
“This report demonstrates that the drug laws weigh particularly heavily on black and minority ethnic communities, doing more harm than good at a great cost to the public purse…Black people are also shown to be charged at a higher rate than white people for possession."
Implicit racial bias “drives the increased scrutiny of young African-American males because of a subconscious and automatic association between this group and danger. … In fact, it affects even the most race conscious among us."
“Most official records of who commits crime are really statistics on who gets arrested and convicted. If, as we will show, the police are more likely to arrest some people than others, these official statistics may tell us more about police behavior than about criminals."
“A female offender’s race/ethnicity was the strongest predictor of a [news] story’s overall tone… Stories about white female offenders were more likely to have neutral or favorable tones than stories about minority female offenders."
“The current study findings lend support to the notion that transgender people, and particularly transgender [Latina] people of colour, are frequent victims of verbal, physical, and sexual abuse perpetrated by law enforcement officers."
“Differential policing and differential perceptions of the police may in turn be relevant to explaining crime differences between neighborhoods of different race/ethnic compositions… [and] further deteriorate the neighborhood’s capacity to address problems like crime."
“This paper substantial evidence of racial disparities in justifiable homicide determinations… In addition, the recent expansion of Stand Your Ground laws in two dozen states appears to worsen the disparity."