38 entries found for 2014

942/

“The results of this study (Table 2) show that, overall, race is a decisive factor that has an effect on a police officer’s decision to initiate a frisk procedure on the suspect.The analyses show that Black suspects were 1.68 times more likely to be frisked by the police."

941/

“Results of the analytic models indicate support for the hypothesis that Black citizens are searched for discretionary reasons at higher rates than other groups. This relationship, however, is partially mediated by citizen criminal history."

940/

“In 2003, black suspects were stopped at a rate … 5.4 times greater than whites. By 2010, those stop ratios had risen to … 9.3… In 2010, the NYPD recorded nearly three stops for every 10 black New York City residents."

939/

“Race-and-place profiling of Blacks was a department-wide phenomenon rather than behaviour of few police officers. In other words, Toronto police had done a reasonable job of ensuring that those recruited to the police do not display an overt racial bias, but unintentional and intentional forms of prejudice and discrimination still exist in police stops and are responsive to place."

892/

“The stories of many black men who are subject to seize and search are the stories of men who have had their spirits broken. They are afraid of the police. This is, in fact, its point. Seize and search, like torture-lite, demonstrates who is in charge, and the violent consequences of dissent."

811/

“Even when controlling for relevant factors such as self-reported offence or drug use and alternative explanations, such as presence in the street, we can document that ethnicity still matters for explaining the probability of the most intrusive of these police powers” & “In fact, ethnicity seems to matter more than self-reported offending behaviour for explaining the probability of being stopped and searched."

799/

“Racial bias in police use of lethal force appears to be a real and pronounced phenomenon with dire consequences… Bolstering this evidence is the finding that, in 10 known incidents of off-duty officers being fatally shot by on-duty officers, 9 … were Black or Hispanic."

777/

“This study did not find a significant influence of parental or neighbour socialisations on juvenile attitudes toward the police… Television and music did not significantly contribute to juveniles' perceptions of the police.” Instead, police-initiated contact and peers.

766/

“Nationally, African-American youth are still twice as likely to be arrested as white youth. Are youth of color committing more crime, thus resulting in a higher arrest rate? … There were few group differences between youth of color and white youth.” (@JoshRovner)

757/

756/

“The NYPD has made significant gains in hiring minority male and female officers, but its success in promoting minorities and females appears to be marginal at best… there are too few minority male and female officers above the rank of sergeant."

755/

“While only 30 percent of the OIS [officer-initiated stop] subjects were black… 90 percent of unarmed suspects were black or Hispanic, and every suspect shot as the result of an officer-initiated stop was found to be black or Hispanic. These proportions were of concern."

748/

“In short, behavioral science research and actual policing data identify a statistically significant relationship showing that Blacks and Latinos are perceived and treated differently than Whites, by ordinary citizens and by police."

737/

"[Black] officers in this study reported that they have often witnessed such racial profiling in their official capacities as law enforcers. Furthermore, many reported that they themselves have experienced biased policing when working undercover or while off duty."

736/

“White officers were less likely to accept that black citizens might have understandable reasons to distrust the police and… generally did not try to reduce tensions in encounters with minority citizens… apt to take black citizens’ ill feelings as unjustified aggression”

735/

“Public debate surrounding discriminatory policing tactics flares when… a prominent, respected black person alleges maltreatment, while it typically requires an especially horrific incident involving poorer blacks and the police to generate comparable… public outrage."

734/

“In speeding stops, the most important influence on who is stopped is how fast you drive. In investigatory stops, the most important influence on who is stopped is not what you do but who you are: young black men are by far the most likely to be stopped."

656/

“When paramilitary tactics were used in drug searches, the primary targets were people of color, whereas when paramilitary tactics were used in hostage or barricade scenarios, the primary targets were white.” “At least 54% [impacted by SWAT deployments] were minorities."

614/

“Black males who come into contact with police may exhibit physical symptoms of anxiety stemming from fear about being stereotyped as criminals—fear that may be misconstrued by police officers as guilt."

588/

"[In areas of NYC] 80% of young African American men… had been stopped … by police within the last year… If practice and law were reconciled, we would have to believe that the police reasonably believed that 80% percent of [AA] youth … were about to commit a crime."

584/

“In 2012, the number of mentally ill persons in prisons and jails was 10 times the number remaining in state hospitals."

574/

“The mean stop rate… where more than half of the residents are black or Latino is 253 per 1,000… In majority-white areas [it] is strikingly lower at 92 per 1,000 residents.” & “Surplus [little evidence] frisks are… clustered in low-income and minority neighborhoods."

551/

“Four forces which provided comparable figures… all recorded disproportionately high numbers of stop and search conducted on children and young people from BME backgrounds… British Transport Police (BTP)… also indicated… BME groups being stopped disproportionately."

464/

“More than half of the black-white sentence disparity that is unexplained by the arrest offense and offenders' prior traits can be explained by…prosecutors' decision to file charges that carry ‘mandatory minimum’ sentences…65 percent more often against black defendants."

441/

“Governments paid approximately 99.98% … [Police] almost never contributed anything to [civil rights violations] settlements or judgments—even when indemnification was prohibited…and even when officers were disciplined, terminated, or prosecuted for their conduct."

434/

“Blacks were more likely to be stopped compared to both their Census and accident data estimates. This is the only racial/ethnic group in this analysis that is consistently stopped in greater proportion than their driving population would indicate."

332/

“These findings demonstrate disproportionate rates of incarceration among transgender women, especially among women of color [who]… were not only incarcerated at higher rates than White non-Hispanic transgender women, but also experienced higher rates of victimization."

320/

“Negative sentiments toward Blacks were observed frequently during gatherings of White [police] recruits… leading officers to believe that … inclusion of African Americans in policing represent a decline in standards."

317/

“Young black men are 21 times as likely as their white peers to be killed by police… The black boys killed can be disturbingly young. There were 41 teens 14 years or younger reported killed by police from 1980 to 2012. 27 of them were black."

297/

“When asked to what degree various racial groups are ‘prone to violence,’ whites rank people of color as more violence-prone than their own race…. Whites … significantly overestimate the proportion of crime committed by blacks and Latinos."

240/

“The minority threat hypothesis states that the greater the percent minority in a city, the greater the employment of coercive control strategies by the police. That hypothesis is clearly supported in this study.” & “We included control variables [for] violent crime rate."

239/

Based on CDC data, “black people suffered over five times as many nonfatal injuries per capita from law enforcement as white people did cumulatively over the years 2001-2012."

157/

106/

“Blacks are subject to much greater odds of search and therefore arrest. This is particularly true among men, and especially so among younger men. Further, the trends are growing, not disappearing, over time."

83/

“Beat cops generally show no evidence of SDT bias in our [simulated threat] task. The special-unit officers, however, showed robust bias."

81/

Minority police officers “are less lenient. One plausible explanation for this is that these minority segments … feel the need to prove themselves to the largest (and culturally and administratively dominant) group in the police force, namely the white-male officers."

41/

More police contact associated with higher levels of anxiety, trauma, and PTSD. “The burden of police contact in each of these cities falls predominantly on young black and Latino males."

38/

“Black boys are seen as older and less innocent … than do their White same-age peers. Further, … the Black/ape association predicted actual racial disparities in police violence toward children."

38 entries found for 2014

“The results of this study (Table 2) show that, overall, race is a decisive factor that has an effect on a police officer’s decision to initiate a frisk procedure on the suspect.The analyses show that Black suspects were 1.68 times more likely to be frisked by the police."

“Results of the analytic models indicate support for the hypothesis that Black citizens are searched for discretionary reasons at higher rates than other groups. This relationship, however, is partially mediated by citizen criminal history."

“In 2003, black suspects were stopped at a rate … 5.4 times greater than whites. By 2010, those stop ratios had risen to … 9.3… In 2010, the NYPD recorded nearly three stops for every 10 black New York City residents."

“The stories of many black men who are subject to seize and search are the stories of men who have had their spirits broken. They are afraid of the police. This is, in fact, its point. Seize and search, like torture-lite, demonstrates who is in charge, and the violent consequences of dissent."

“Racial bias in police use of lethal force appears to be a real and pronounced phenomenon with dire consequences… Bolstering this evidence is the finding that, in 10 known incidents of off-duty officers being fatally shot by on-duty officers, 9 … were Black or Hispanic."

“This study did not find a significant influence of parental or neighbour socialisations on juvenile attitudes toward the police… Television and music did not significantly contribute to juveniles' perceptions of the police.” Instead, police-initiated contact and peers.

“Nationally, African-American youth are still twice as likely to be arrested as white youth. Are youth of color committing more crime, thus resulting in a higher arrest rate? … There were few group differences between youth of color and white youth.” (@JoshRovner)

“For African Americans, intrusive [police] stops were associated with lower legitimacy, while procedurally just stops were associated with greater police legitimacy. & “Higher legitimacy is related to lower levels of criminal behavior."

“The NYPD has made significant gains in hiring minority male and female officers, but its success in promoting minorities and females appears to be marginal at best… there are too few minority male and female officers above the rank of sergeant."

“While only 30 percent of the OIS [officer-initiated stop] subjects were black… 90 percent of unarmed suspects were black or Hispanic, and every suspect shot as the result of an officer-initiated stop was found to be black or Hispanic. These proportions were of concern."

“In short, behavioral science research and actual policing data identify a statistically significant relationship showing that Blacks and Latinos are perceived and treated differently than Whites, by ordinary citizens and by police."

"[Black] officers in this study reported that they have often witnessed such racial profiling in their official capacities as law enforcers. Furthermore, many reported that they themselves have experienced biased policing when working undercover or while off duty."

“White officers were less likely to accept that black citizens might have understandable reasons to distrust the police and… generally did not try to reduce tensions in encounters with minority citizens… apt to take black citizens’ ill feelings as unjustified aggression”

“Public debate surrounding discriminatory policing tactics flares when… a prominent, respected black person alleges maltreatment, while it typically requires an especially horrific incident involving poorer blacks and the police to generate comparable… public outrage."

“In speeding stops, the most important influence on who is stopped is how fast you drive. In investigatory stops, the most important influence on who is stopped is not what you do but who you are: young black men are by far the most likely to be stopped."

“When paramilitary tactics were used in drug searches, the primary targets were people of color, whereas when paramilitary tactics were used in hostage or barricade scenarios, the primary targets were white.” “At least 54% [impacted by SWAT deployments] were minorities."

“Black males who come into contact with police may exhibit physical symptoms of anxiety stemming from fear about being stereotyped as criminals—fear that may be misconstrued by police officers as guilt."

"[In areas of NYC] 80% of young African American men… had been stopped … by police within the last year… If practice and law were reconciled, we would have to believe that the police reasonably believed that 80% percent of [AA] youth … were about to commit a crime."

“In 2012, the number of mentally ill persons in prisons and jails was 10 times the number remaining in state hospitals."

“The mean stop rate… where more than half of the residents are black or Latino is 253 per 1,000… In majority-white areas [it] is strikingly lower at 92 per 1,000 residents.” & “Surplus [little evidence] frisks are… clustered in low-income and minority neighborhoods."

“Four forces which provided comparable figures… all recorded disproportionately high numbers of stop and search conducted on children and young people from BME backgrounds… British Transport Police (BTP)… also indicated… BME groups being stopped disproportionately."

“More than half of the black-white sentence disparity that is unexplained by the arrest offense and offenders' prior traits can be explained by…prosecutors' decision to file charges that carry ‘mandatory minimum’ sentences…65 percent more often against black defendants."

“Governments paid approximately 99.98% … [Police] almost never contributed anything to [civil rights violations] settlements or judgments—even when indemnification was prohibited…and even when officers were disciplined, terminated, or prosecuted for their conduct."

“Blacks were more likely to be stopped compared to both their Census and accident data estimates. This is the only racial/ethnic group in this analysis that is consistently stopped in greater proportion than their driving population would indicate."

“These findings demonstrate disproportionate rates of incarceration among transgender women, especially among women of color [who]… were not only incarcerated at higher rates than White non-Hispanic transgender women, but also experienced higher rates of victimization."

“Negative sentiments toward Blacks were observed frequently during gatherings of White [police] recruits… leading officers to believe that … inclusion of African Americans in policing represent a decline in standards."

“Young black men are 21 times as likely as their white peers to be killed by police… The black boys killed can be disturbingly young. There were 41 teens 14 years or younger reported killed by police from 1980 to 2012. 27 of them were black."

“When asked to what degree various racial groups are ‘prone to violence,’ whites rank people of color as more violence-prone than their own race…. Whites … significantly overestimate the proportion of crime committed by blacks and Latinos."

“The minority threat hypothesis states that the greater the percent minority in a city, the greater the employment of coercive control strategies by the police. That hypothesis is clearly supported in this study.” & “We included control variables [for] violent crime rate."

Based on CDC data, “black people suffered over five times as many nonfatal injuries per capita from law enforcement as white people did cumulatively over the years 2001-2012."

“Blacks are subject to much greater odds of search and therefore arrest. This is particularly true among men, and especially so among younger men. Further, the trends are growing, not disappearing, over time."

“Beat cops generally show no evidence of SDT bias in our [simulated threat] task. The special-unit officers, however, showed robust bias."

Minority police officers “are less lenient. One plausible explanation for this is that these minority segments … feel the need to prove themselves to the largest (and culturally and administratively dominant) group in the police force, namely the white-male officers."

More police contact associated with higher levels of anxiety, trauma, and PTSD. “The burden of police contact in each of these cities falls predominantly on young black and Latino males."

“Black boys are seen as older and less innocent … than do their White same-age peers. Further, … the Black/ape association predicted actual racial disparities in police violence toward children."