55 entries found for 2015

795/

“If… contestation raises the likelihood of police retaliation, then that is the fault of the police, not the civilian… Overreaction to contestation undermines… the civilians' right to be free from state interference [and] their right to participate in governance."

793/

“Even if white and non-white citizens use drugs at the same rate… disproportionate contact with the police would predict that black citizens would be … arrested for drug crimes more often… To reduce racially disparate stops… change how neighborhoods are policed."

769/

“In 2013, black youth [in Michigan] were still six times more likely than white youth to be arrested for a violent crime and almost seven times more likely to be arrested for a property crime."

727/

“To test the Minority Threat Hypothesis…” & “Counties with greater ethnic residential segregation are more likely to acquire MRAPs [mine-resistant ambush protected (MRAP) vehicles]. Increasing segregation is not limited to urban areas; it has spread to the suburbs."

726/

“Accounts of… protests against policing violence… are often constructed in the mainstream media to be… disorganized frenzy, with looting, theft, and violence… at the hands of black people… failing to critically examine why protests… might rationally take place."

725/

“The number of serving BME officers has been well below the number of minority ethnic people living in UK. BME officers comprise 5% of the police workforce. BME

724/

“Reviews referred to the apparent preference of supervisors to refer the behaviour of ethnic minority officers to professional standards departments for formal investigation, whereas they would deal with white officers informally face-to-face."

723/

“CoBRAS assess cognitive aspects of colorblind racial attitudes… Analyses showed no significant change between the [recruits'] first CoBRAS score (week one of [police academy] training) and the second score (week fourteen of training)."

722/

“Respondents residing in a majority-Black, high-violence neighborhood were more likely than their coun- terparts in mixed-race or majority-White, lower-crime areas to experience both direct and vicarious harassment or mistreatment at the hands of police."

721/

“A principal concern of this study was to determine African American officers’ perceptions regarding the occurrence of racial profiling within their agencies… Only 8.3% of males disagreed… All female respondents agreed that profiling occurs in their agency (100%)."

720/

“It is clear that Black youth…were overrepresented in stops conducted by Toronto police.” & “The disproportionate stop-and-search rate of Black youth is not an appropriate response to a high crime rate among Black youth and does not represent…efficient police practices."

718/

“Racially biased perceptions of school staff can influence their observation, interpretation, and implementation of a school discipline protocol. … Researchers have extensively found that students of color are overrepresented in who and how schools choose to discipline."

717/

“Students are now being… charged with crimes for behaviors that teachers and school administrators previously addressed… Studies have consistently found that these… discipline policies have a disproportionate effect on students of color and students with disabilities."

715/

“British police have fatally shot only one person wielding a knife since 2008—a hostage-taker… US police have fatally shot more than 575 people allegedly wielding blades… since 2013. Racism helps explain why African Americans… are particularly vulnerable to police."

712/

"[On race, from the perspective of police officers,] they are not a problem—it is others seeing them as a problem that is a problem… Instead of focusing on the human relations aspect of their work… the officers ignored them. Evading the racial dynamics at play…"

711/

“Stringent [administrative] policies are effective deterrents against police use of lethal force [against] Blacks, but not Whites… This could be attributable to the differential application of lethal force against Whites and Blacks.” (@jnowacki)

710/

“In the schools serving African American students… SROs [school resource officers] had assumed law enforcement responsibilities… while in the rural schools, the SROs were focused on conflict resolution and prevention.” (@DiscourseofEd)

709/

“The race of the victim determines whether a murder receives prominent coverage by newspapers or other media outlets… the focus tends to be on those [stories] with white victims.” Some Black women incorrectly conclude that they are less likely to be victims of homicide.

708/

“Black men were significantly more likely than White men to think they would feel anxious [in police encounters, and thus alter] their behavior for risk of being stereotyped, and, ironically, behave in ways that police have been shown to perceive as deceptive or suspicious."

707/

706/

“Indigenous Americans tied with blacks for the number of folks killed by police officers in America [w]hile representing just over 10 percent of the black population… Native Americans are the most likely group to be killed by police in America.” (@dgembrick)

705/

“The homicide victimization rate for blacks was six times higher than the rate for whites.” & “Police… need to refrain from using overly simplistic descriptions—such as

703/

“Reflexive criminalization of Black women… heighten[s] the perception that they are threatening, foreclosing the possibility in police officers' minds that they are simply survivors of violence… Police responses… all too often result in further…violence against them”

701/

“The rate at which Blacks [in Maryland] died by a police encounter (deaths per population size) was five times that of Whites… The number of unarmed Blacks who died (36 people) exceeded the total number of all Whites who died (30 people), armed or not."

629/

“In… police reports, law enforcement personnel regularly expressed negative, stereotyping beliefs about sexual assault victims… [e.g.,] prostitutes… their own fault… Police appeared to have no compunction expressing such opinions about African American… survivors."

618/

“Specialized drug unit personnel within police agencies has more than twice the effect on black drug arrests than white drug arrests.” & “Black drug arrest rates are 52% higher in police agencies that supplemented their budgets with drug asset forfeitures [22% for white]."

616/

“In interviews, the [police] trainers indicated that discussing the role of race in policing proved to be the second hardest ‘sell’ in the curriculum, following only having to convince officers that ‘legitimacy’ should be one of their personal concerns."

590/

“A minimum of 1 in 4 fatal police encounters ends the life of an individual with severe mental illness. At this rate, the risk of being killed during a police incident is 16 times greater for individuals with untreated mental illness than for other civilians."

539/

“Once arrested, people of color are also likely to be charged more harshly than whites; once charged, they are more likely to be convicted; and once convicted, they are more likely to face stiff sentences—all after accounting for… crime severity and criminal history."

492/

454/

“Astoundingly, implicit stereotypes … often conflict with an individual’s consciously held beliefs… When one considers the shift from overt racism to colorblind racism, the effects of these biases within the criminal justice system are often obscured."

432/

“The science tells us that if you hire from the human race, you’re going to be hiring biased individuals. There’s an extensive and growing body of research across all professions—… yes, police as well… [But] the stakes for policing are so incredibly high."

371/

“In most states black, Latino and special-needs (disabled) students get referred to police and courts disproportionately."

346/

Suburban Black citizens face mistreatment from police “defending” Whites. They are “not protected by suburban status but rather became more vulnerable as a result of it… It is where black and white spaces overlap… that the true rigidity of inequality becomes apparent."

343/

“Implicit biases, stereotyping, and other cultural factors may… contribute to perceptions by decision makers that a Black girl has run afoul of institutional norms, and that punishment, rather than restorative or therapeutic responses, is warranted."

325/

“When considering Black drivers being stopped for seatbelt violations, Black drivers are 398 percent more likely than White drivers to receive a cita¬≠tion as opposed to a written warning, or nearly four times as likely."

321/

“Hispanics have a worse relationship with the police than whites but better than African Americans… Rather than a single ‘minority group’ orientation to the police, the general pattern is a racial hierarchy taking the form of a white/Asian/Latino/black continuum."

316/

“Across almost all counties, individuals who were unarmed and shot by police had a much higher probability of being black or hispanic than being white… [Those] shot by police had a higher median probability of being unarmed black individuals than being armed white[s]."

284/

"[Bureau of Justice Statistics] ARD program captured approximately 49% of law enforcement homicides, while the [FBI’s] SHR captured 46%. An estimated 28% of the law enforcement homicides in the United States are not captured by either system."

242/

“An analysis … found that 32% of black people killed by police in 2015 were unarmed, as were 25% of Hispanic and Latino people, compared with 15% of white people killed… The figures illustrate how disproportionately black Americans … are killed by police."

233/

“Child abuse/interparental violence is significant in predicting officer stress and violence… Ironically, these negative early experiences may also influence the selection of law enforcement as a career for … individuals that may seek employment in a helping profession."

232/

“Hence our proposal that law-enforcement–related deaths be a notifiable condition, reported in real time by medical and public health professionals… It is time that public health agencies exercise their ability to report … data on law-enforcement–related mortality."

229/

“Whereas police fear seemingly triggers most police killings, some of them result from police officers deliberately putting themselves in situations where deadly force becomes reasonable or permissible.” & “Forms of racism are likely important [but not]… the whole story."

226/

“Police officers have been shown to possess implicit associations of race and crime and to exhibit spontaneous discriminatory behavior… There is little if any room for doubt that implicit stereotypes of race and crime influence police officers' decisions."

221/

“Among those who had contact with the police, blacks (3.5%) were 2.5 times more likely than whites (1.4%) and 1.7 times more likely than Hispanics (2.1%) to experience the threat or use of nonfatal force."

155/

“The general non-indictment of law enforcement in the murders of unarmed African Americans provides resounding evidence that little personal accountability exists for these murders."

154/

“Because Black officers are disproportionately called on to work beats in poor, high-crime, majority-Black neighbor-hoods, the ecology of their day-to-day work routines puts them at risk for becoming resentful or even hostile toward the residents."

116/

“This numbers-driven system… leads to the intensification of existing inequities through differential police scrutiny… In 2010, 86 percent of those arrested in New York City for marijuana possession were black or Latino, but… whites use marijuana at higher rates."

103/

“Schools are more likely to criminalize problem behaviors by students of color, with subsequent greater risk for involvement with the criminal justice system, while medicalizing problem behavior by students who are White."

98/

“Police discretion enables officers to make decisions based partially on stereo-types and reputations, resulting in overselection of people of color in stops and arrests. In addition… White youth tend to receive more second chances [than] youth of color."

95/

“Forty years after the seminal report by the 1967 President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, the black-white dichotomy remains one of the most prominent features of public sentiments toward and perceptions of the police."

76/

“Policing and racism have been mutually constitutive in the United States. … War on Drugs policing strategies… have created specific conditions conducive to police brutality targeting Black communities."

71/

The authors find no disparities in the decision to “stop” as part of NY’s stop-and-frisk program, but “find suggestive evidence of police bias in the decision to frisk."

50/

“Our investigation uncovered direct evidence of racial bias in the communications of influential Ferguson [PD] decision makers… The content of these communications is unequivocally derogatory,dehumanizing, and demonstrative of impermissible bias.” - DOJ

20/

“Blacks/Latinos were significantly more likely to have been arrested and incarcerated [but] There were no significant differences in a circumscribed set illegal behaviors (i.e., sex for money or drugs, selling drugs) by race."

55 entries found for 2015

“If… contestation raises the likelihood of police retaliation, then that is the fault of the police, not the civilian… Overreaction to contestation undermines… the civilians' right to be free from state interference [and] their right to participate in governance."

“Even if white and non-white citizens use drugs at the same rate… disproportionate contact with the police would predict that black citizens would be … arrested for drug crimes more often… To reduce racially disparate stops… change how neighborhoods are policed."

“In 2013, black youth [in Michigan] were still six times more likely than white youth to be arrested for a violent crime and almost seven times more likely to be arrested for a property crime."

“To test the Minority Threat Hypothesis…” & “Counties with greater ethnic residential segregation are more likely to acquire MRAPs [mine-resistant ambush protected (MRAP) vehicles]. Increasing segregation is not limited to urban areas; it has spread to the suburbs."

“Accounts of… protests against policing violence… are often constructed in the mainstream media to be… disorganized frenzy, with looting, theft, and violence… at the hands of black people… failing to critically examine why protests… might rationally take place."

“The number of serving BME officers has been well below the number of minority ethnic people living in UK. BME officers comprise 5% of the police workforce. BME

“Reviews referred to the apparent preference of supervisors to refer the behaviour of ethnic minority officers to professional standards departments for formal investigation, whereas they would deal with white officers informally face-to-face."

“CoBRAS assess cognitive aspects of colorblind racial attitudes… Analyses showed no significant change between the [recruits'] first CoBRAS score (week one of [police academy] training) and the second score (week fourteen of training)."

“Respondents residing in a majority-Black, high-violence neighborhood were more likely than their coun- terparts in mixed-race or majority-White, lower-crime areas to experience both direct and vicarious harassment or mistreatment at the hands of police."

“A principal concern of this study was to determine African American officers’ perceptions regarding the occurrence of racial profiling within their agencies… Only 8.3% of males disagreed… All female respondents agreed that profiling occurs in their agency (100%)."

“It is clear that Black youth…were overrepresented in stops conducted by Toronto police.” & “The disproportionate stop-and-search rate of Black youth is not an appropriate response to a high crime rate among Black youth and does not represent…efficient police practices."

“Racially biased perceptions of school staff can influence their observation, interpretation, and implementation of a school discipline protocol. … Researchers have extensively found that students of color are overrepresented in who and how schools choose to discipline."

“Students are now being… charged with crimes for behaviors that teachers and school administrators previously addressed… Studies have consistently found that these… discipline policies have a disproportionate effect on students of color and students with disabilities."

“British police have fatally shot only one person wielding a knife since 2008—a hostage-taker… US police have fatally shot more than 575 people allegedly wielding blades… since 2013. Racism helps explain why African Americans… are particularly vulnerable to police."

"[On race, from the perspective of police officers,] they are not a problem—it is others seeing them as a problem that is a problem… Instead of focusing on the human relations aspect of their work… the officers ignored them. Evading the racial dynamics at play…"

“Stringent [administrative] policies are effective deterrents against police use of lethal force [against] Blacks, but not Whites… This could be attributable to the differential application of lethal force against Whites and Blacks.” (@jnowacki)

“In the schools serving African American students… SROs [school resource officers] had assumed law enforcement responsibilities… while in the rural schools, the SROs were focused on conflict resolution and prevention.” (@DiscourseofEd)

“The race of the victim determines whether a murder receives prominent coverage by newspapers or other media outlets… the focus tends to be on those [stories] with white victims.” Some Black women incorrectly conclude that they are less likely to be victims of homicide.

“Black men were significantly more likely than White men to think they would feel anxious [in police encounters, and thus alter] their behavior for risk of being stereotyped, and, ironically, behave in ways that police have been shown to perceive as deceptive or suspicious."

“When black and brown people enter into white spaces, police can evoke a supposedly color-blind rationale that they are merely demographically unique cases that beg for surveillance due to their guilt by association with their own skin."

“Indigenous Americans tied with blacks for the number of folks killed by police officers in America [w]hile representing just over 10 percent of the black population… Native Americans are the most likely group to be killed by police in America.” (@dgembrick)

“The homicide victimization rate for blacks was six times higher than the rate for whites.” & “Police… need to refrain from using overly simplistic descriptions—such as

“Reflexive criminalization of Black women… heighten[s] the perception that they are threatening, foreclosing the possibility in police officers' minds that they are simply survivors of violence… Police responses… all too often result in further…violence against them”

“The rate at which Blacks [in Maryland] died by a police encounter (deaths per population size) was five times that of Whites… The number of unarmed Blacks who died (36 people) exceeded the total number of all Whites who died (30 people), armed or not."

“In… police reports, law enforcement personnel regularly expressed negative, stereotyping beliefs about sexual assault victims… [e.g.,] prostitutes… their own fault… Police appeared to have no compunction expressing such opinions about African American… survivors."

“Specialized drug unit personnel within police agencies has more than twice the effect on black drug arrests than white drug arrests.” & “Black drug arrest rates are 52% higher in police agencies that supplemented their budgets with drug asset forfeitures [22% for white]."

“In interviews, the [police] trainers indicated that discussing the role of race in policing proved to be the second hardest ‘sell’ in the curriculum, following only having to convince officers that ‘legitimacy’ should be one of their personal concerns."

“A minimum of 1 in 4 fatal police encounters ends the life of an individual with severe mental illness. At this rate, the risk of being killed during a police incident is 16 times greater for individuals with untreated mental illness than for other civilians."

“Once arrested, people of color are also likely to be charged more harshly than whites; once charged, they are more likely to be convicted; and once convicted, they are more likely to face stiff sentences—all after accounting for… crime severity and criminal history."

“Racism can impact health via several recognized pathways [including]… contact with police.” “Racism is significantly related to … poor mental health.” & “This study is the most comprehensive meta-analysis on racism and health to date."

“Astoundingly, implicit stereotypes … often conflict with an individual’s consciously held beliefs… When one considers the shift from overt racism to colorblind racism, the effects of these biases within the criminal justice system are often obscured."

“The science tells us that if you hire from the human race, you’re going to be hiring biased individuals. There’s an extensive and growing body of research across all professions—… yes, police as well… [But] the stakes for policing are so incredibly high."

“In most states black, Latino and special-needs (disabled) students get referred to police and courts disproportionately."

Suburban Black citizens face mistreatment from police “defending” Whites. They are “not protected by suburban status but rather became more vulnerable as a result of it… It is where black and white spaces overlap… that the true rigidity of inequality becomes apparent."

“Implicit biases, stereotyping, and other cultural factors may… contribute to perceptions by decision makers that a Black girl has run afoul of institutional norms, and that punishment, rather than restorative or therapeutic responses, is warranted."

“When considering Black drivers being stopped for seatbelt violations, Black drivers are 398 percent more likely than White drivers to receive a cita¬≠tion as opposed to a written warning, or nearly four times as likely."

“Hispanics have a worse relationship with the police than whites but better than African Americans… Rather than a single ‘minority group’ orientation to the police, the general pattern is a racial hierarchy taking the form of a white/Asian/Latino/black continuum."

“Across almost all counties, individuals who were unarmed and shot by police had a much higher probability of being black or hispanic than being white… [Those] shot by police had a higher median probability of being unarmed black individuals than being armed white[s]."

"[Bureau of Justice Statistics] ARD program captured approximately 49% of law enforcement homicides, while the [FBI’s] SHR captured 46%. An estimated 28% of the law enforcement homicides in the United States are not captured by either system."

“An analysis … found that 32% of black people killed by police in 2015 were unarmed, as were 25% of Hispanic and Latino people, compared with 15% of white people killed… The figures illustrate how disproportionately black Americans … are killed by police."

“Child abuse/interparental violence is significant in predicting officer stress and violence… Ironically, these negative early experiences may also influence the selection of law enforcement as a career for … individuals that may seek employment in a helping profession."

“Hence our proposal that law-enforcement–related deaths be a notifiable condition, reported in real time by medical and public health professionals… It is time that public health agencies exercise their ability to report … data on law-enforcement–related mortality."

“Whereas police fear seemingly triggers most police killings, some of them result from police officers deliberately putting themselves in situations where deadly force becomes reasonable or permissible.” & “Forms of racism are likely important [but not]… the whole story."

“Police officers have been shown to possess implicit associations of race and crime and to exhibit spontaneous discriminatory behavior… There is little if any room for doubt that implicit stereotypes of race and crime influence police officers' decisions."

“Among those who had contact with the police, blacks (3.5%) were 2.5 times more likely than whites (1.4%) and 1.7 times more likely than Hispanics (2.1%) to experience the threat or use of nonfatal force."

“The general non-indictment of law enforcement in the murders of unarmed African Americans provides resounding evidence that little personal accountability exists for these murders."

“Because Black officers are disproportionately called on to work beats in poor, high-crime, majority-Black neighbor-hoods, the ecology of their day-to-day work routines puts them at risk for becoming resentful or even hostile toward the residents."

“This numbers-driven system… leads to the intensification of existing inequities through differential police scrutiny… In 2010, 86 percent of those arrested in New York City for marijuana possession were black or Latino, but… whites use marijuana at higher rates."

“Schools are more likely to criminalize problem behaviors by students of color, with subsequent greater risk for involvement with the criminal justice system, while medicalizing problem behavior by students who are White."

“Police discretion enables officers to make decisions based partially on stereo-types and reputations, resulting in overselection of people of color in stops and arrests. In addition… White youth tend to receive more second chances [than] youth of color."

“Forty years after the seminal report by the 1967 President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, the black-white dichotomy remains one of the most prominent features of public sentiments toward and perceptions of the police."

“Policing and racism have been mutually constitutive in the United States. … War on Drugs policing strategies… have created specific conditions conducive to police brutality targeting Black communities."

The authors find no disparities in the decision to “stop” as part of NY’s stop-and-frisk program, but “find suggestive evidence of police bias in the decision to frisk."

“Our investigation uncovered direct evidence of racial bias in the communications of influential Ferguson [PD] decision makers… The content of these communications is unequivocally derogatory,dehumanizing, and demonstrative of impermissible bias.” - DOJ

“Blacks/Latinos were significantly more likely to have been arrested and incarcerated [but] There were no significant differences in a circumscribed set illegal behaviors (i.e., sex for money or drugs, selling drugs) by race."